Английская Википедия:Bingham Company Warehouse

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Шаблон:Infobox NRHP

The Bingham Company Warehouse is a historic warehouse located in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. It was designed by the noted local firm of Walker and Weeks for the W. Bingham Company, and is one of the architectural firm's few utilitarian commercial buildings. For many years, W. Bingham Co. was the Midwest's largest hardware manufacturer and wholesaler. The W. Bingham Co. went out of business in 1961, and the warehouse was sold to a succession of owners of the years. The warehouse was sold to private investors in 2001, who converted it into apartments, known today as The Bingham.

About the building

Construction

Cleveland entrepreneurs William Bingham and Henry C. Blossom purchased the Clark & Murfey hardware store in 1841, and incorporated it as the W. Bingham Co. in 1888.[1]

In April 1913, the W. Bingham Co. announced it would construct a new building in the city's Warehouse District as its new headquarters.[2] Intended to be the largest warehouse in Cleveland, [2][3] the cost of the building and land were estimated at $1 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[3] At the time of the announcement, the company had already completed the purchase of the land[2] at a cost of about $400,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars), and its architect, the noted Cleveland firm of Walker & Weeks,[4]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn had finished preliminary designs for the building. The architects drew heavily on Knox & Elliott's 1905 Rockefeller BuildingШаблон:Sfn as well as their own 1912 Renkert Building for inspiration,Шаблон:Sfn The warehouse, which was anticipated to be of steel and concrete construction, was designed to have a spur from the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (the "Big Four") run into its basement. The architects hoped to have as many as 17 truck loading docks on the building's northwest side, with a truck parking garage in one of the three basements. Another basement would be used for the storage of the heaviest goods. Elevators were intended to be located in the center of the building, so they could be reached quickly and efficiently by all points on each floor.[2] At some point in 1913 or 1914, Christian, Schwarzenberg & Gaede, a local structural engineering firm, was hired to assist with the plans.[5]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

By June 1914, work on the architectural plans had advanced to the point where W. Bingham Co. was ready to place an order for up to Шаблон:Convert of structural steel and rebar.[6] But city officials had extensive concerns about the architectural design, and extensive (if unreported) changes to the plans were under way in July 1914.[7] At the end of July, W. Bingham Co. awarded the contract for the general contractor's job to the Cleveland construction firm Crowell-Lundoff-Little.[8][5][4]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Although the city was still withholding final approval for the architectural plans and building permit, enough of the design had won approval for the contractor to advise steel companies that it was interested in purchasing about Шаблон:Convert of shaped steel.[8] Although the design controversy continued, the McClintic-Marshall Corp. received the contract for Шаблон:Convert of shaped steel in early August 1914,[9] the Ayer & Lord Tie Co. of Chicago won the contract for Шаблон:Convert of flooring[10] and Carnegie Steel received the contract for Шаблон:Convert of rebar in reinforcing bars in late August.[11]

Final approval of the architectural plans must have been close by the beginning of August 1914, because excavation at the site began.[12][13] Plans now showed 10 above-ground floors (each of reinforced concrete) and three basement levels. At a total estimated cost of land and construction at $1 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars), it was reportedly the largest warehouse in the United States.[5] The Fred R. Jones Company did the excavation work.[13] The work was extremely difficult. The excavation site was Шаблон:Convert, a large existing building abutted the southwest side of the site,[12][13] and there was a very steepШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert change in grade from the northeast to southwest.Шаблон:Sfn A steam shovel was used to remove the Шаблон:Convert of earth, and steel sheet pilings were rammed into the soil to prevent cave-ins along the sides.[12][13] These pilings were left in place to support the combined slab and pier foundation and freestanding retaining wall.Шаблон:Sfn Both the Big Four and the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (the "Nickel Plate") ran a joint spur onto the site,Шаблон:Efn then hauled the earth several miles to Kingsbury Run (where it was used as landfill). Excavation was complete in mid-October.[12][13]

The city issued a permit for construction of the foundation about the time the excavation was complete.[14] The foundation used a combination of piers, slab,Шаблон:Sfn footings,[14] and retaining walls.Шаблон:Sfn The total cost of the foundation was originally estimated to be about $50,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[14] Soil tests revealed a hard bluish clayШаблон:Sfn about Шаблон:Convert below the surface, and the piers rested on this clay.[14] Cantilevered retaining walls with buttresses were built to hold back the surrounding earth, and two-way reinforced spread footings poured to support the walls.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The William Edwards Co. building on the southwest side of the new warehouse left insufficient space for regular footings and a buttressed retaining wall to be used. Instead, Шаблон:Convert Lackawanna sheet pilings were used to reinforce the wall, and two separate footings were built.Шаблон:Sfn As construction of the foundation proceeded, numerous pockets of quicksand were found in the soil.Шаблон:Sfn Further investigation revealed that pockets of quicksand lay beneath almost all the footings on the building's northeast side. A test pit was dug, and soil engineers discovered a solid clay further down. Light sheet pilings were used to create caissons. These were excavated, and the footings carried down to the firm clay.Шаблон:Sfn

The city issued a building permit in late February or early March 1915.[4] Work on the basement floors and walls proceeded very slowly. Enormous coal and ash bins and long steel rails for the moving of heavy items were designed to hang from ceiling beams in these areas. This required the use of shaped steel pieces which had to be perfectly joined, and the pouring of concrete around them. Once the basements were complete, the rest of the building rose very swiftly. Upper floors were poured at a rate of three floors a day,Шаблон:Sfn and the exterior brick walls rose at the rate of one floor every two days.Шаблон:Sfn

The W. Bingham Co. warehouse opened for business in February or March 1916.[15]

About the building

The W. Bingham Co. warehouse building cost $600,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[4] It is largely constructed of brick, concrete, and steel.[16] The slightly L-shapedШаблон:Sfn building was Шаблон:Convert wide on W. 9th Street and Шаблон:Convert wide on W. 10th Street and had a total length of Шаблон:Convert[15] (Шаблон:Convert between the basement walls).Шаблон:Sfn On W. 9th Street, eight floors were visible[15] and the building height was Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn On W. 10th Street, 11 floors were visible[15] and the building height was Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Each floor had Шаблон:Convert of space, for a total building interior space of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

As viewed from W. 9th Street, the building had three basements. The rear (or southwest) wall of the third basement was actually a heavily reinforced slab and pier retaining wall Шаблон:Convert high, giving the third basement a ceiling Шаблон:Convert high.Шаблон:Sfn The third basement extended about Шаблон:Convert under W. 9th Street, while the second and first basements only extended about Шаблон:Convert under the street.Шаблон:Sfn There were originally only two large shipping doors, each roughly Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert high, in the rear wall of the third basement. To accommodate the doors, two exterior columns had to be omitted. In their place are two massive girders,Шаблон:Sfn each Шаблон:Convert long and resting on a single massive pier between the doors.Шаблон:Sfn A railroad spur ran under the building's ell (along the line of the old Mandrake Avenue), and there were 24 truck loading docks on the structure's northwest side.[17]

The superstructure of the building featured unusually heavy columns and floor slabs designed to permit Шаблон:Convert on the floors of the first and second basement and the first and second floor, and Шаблон:Convert on floors three and higher. In order to accommodate the weight of the boiler, coal bin, ash bin, and associated equipment at the rear of the second basement, a portion of this floor was designed to withstand Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The octagonal, steel core-and-concrete columns in this area were Шаблон:Convert tall, extending from the foundation up to the second floor.Шаблон:Sfn Four of the exterior wall columns as well as all interior columns in the three basements and first floor were also steel core-and-concrete, to support the stresses on the structure below-ground.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Above the second floor, all columns were reinforced concrete.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The bases of all the columns consisted of cast iron-and-two-way reinforced concrete.Шаблон:Sfn All column caps were reinforced with shelf angles attached to the flanges and core reinforcement plates, and all columns were topped with octagonal plates reinforced with stiffeners.Шаблон:Sfn Above the second floor, all column tops were flared to help support the floor slab above.Шаблон:Sfn Due to complications created by the William Edwards building next to it, there were fewer exterior and interior columns in the structure's southwest corner. Instead, Шаблон:Convert cantilevers supported the exterior walls above the third floor.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

The floors of the basements and upper floors were poured in Шаблон:Convert slabs. These slabs were Шаблон:Convert thick in the basements and on the first floor, and Шаблон:Convert thick on all other floors.Шаблон:Sfn The roof was a Шаблон:Convert slab.Шаблон:Sfn Spandrel beams were not used in the flooring system. The exception was on the fourth floor: With offices to be located on the third floor, the architects wanted to do away with column caps in order to provide space for lighting fixtures and to avoid light-scattering. Spandrels in the fourth floor were needed to compensate for the weaker support.Шаблон:Sfn Flooring throughout the structure was Kreolite, a creosote-impregnated wood block.[18]

The exterior of the building was clad in paving brick rejects.Шаблон:Sfn Walker & Weeks had used uniformly-colored paving brick on the Renkert Building, which it had designed shortly before beginning work on the W. Bingham Co. warehouse. Architect Harry Weeks recommended paving brick for the Bingham building because it was strong, long-wearing, and inexpensive.Шаблон:Sfn "Seconds" (bricks which were not uniform in color due to chemical differences, miscasting, or after spending too much time curing in the kiln) were recommended by Weeks because they created an aesthetically pleasing "tapestry effect which might be assumed to have resulted from careful artistic design, rather than accident and economy."Шаблон:Sfn Windows in the building all had steel sashes and wire mesh glass.Шаблон:Sfn The roofline was a simple concave cavetto cornice.Шаблон:Sfn

The interior of the building, as befit a warehouse, was relatively spartan. Five[17] elevators were grouped in the center of the structure,[2] and a pneumatic tube network installed in the shafts as a space-saving measure. The building also featured several spiral package chutes,Шаблон:Sfn and an exterior surface parking lot.[17]

The cost of the land and completed building was $1 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).Шаблон:Sfn All told, Шаблон:Convert of cast iron, Шаблон:Convert of structural steel, Шаблон:Convert of rebar, and Шаблон:Convert of concrete were used in its construction.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn When completed, it was reportedly the largest single-unit warehouse in the world.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Architectural assessment

The W. Bingham Co. warehouse building is widely considered one of the finest Commercial style buildings in Cleveland.[16][19][20] It features extremely high-quality construction and design, which is unusual for a utilitarian building. It is also, according to the Ohio Historic Places Dictionary, an early example of "vertical rectangular construction of a building in a manner clearly appropriate to its function."Шаблон:Sfn

The structure is widely celebrated for the inspired use of paving brick seconds, which adds color and texture to the building.Шаблон:Sfn The exterior is considered unusually sophisticated,Шаблон:Sfn with "subtle refinements of proportion and detail".Шаблон:Sfn It has also won praise for the simple, repetitive piers that bring it to life.Шаблон:Sfn

History of the building

With the completion of the warehouse, the W. Bingham Co. shifted from retail to wholesale-only operations.[1] Over the years, changes to the interior reduced the available space to just Шаблон:Convert.[21]

W. Bingham Co. ceased operations in June 1961.[20] Several executives with the company purchased the corporate indicia, inventory, and equipment and formed a new company, Bingham, Inc.[20] The new firm continued to sell Bingham products to manufacturing, mining, and railroad customers.[22] W. Bingham Co. continued to own the warehouse,[21] and leased space in it to various kinds of firms (including Bingham Inc.)[23]

Some time on or before 1971, the Bingham building was purchased by the Ostendorf-Morris Co., a local real estate investment company.[17][24]

In November 1973, the W. Bingham Co. warehouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[16]

Having been purchased by outside investors in 1970 and by Formweld Products Co. in 1973, Bingham Co. moved out of the building in 1980.[20]

During the W. Bingham Co. warehouse's first half century, Cleveland and the Warehouse District went into significant decline. The rapid and significant expansion in heavy industry in Cleveland ended about 1930, and contracted dramatically after 1950. As the century neared its close, only chemical, instrument and medical equipment, and plastics manufacturing remained as major employers.[25] The city's population reached a high of 914,808 in 1950, but dropped to under 400,000 at the turn of the century (and continued to decline).[26] In the Warehouse District, 115 of the 175 buildings, representing more than half the area, were demolished.[27] The number of residents living in the area had dropped from a high of 12,068 in 1950 to a low of 3,844 in 1970 (although they had recovered slightly to 4,651 in 1990).[28]

2000-2004 renovation and repurposing

At the beginning of the 21st century, the W. Bingham Co. warehouse was relatively unused. A few small city and county agencies and offices had leased space on the structure's ground floor, while the remainder of the building was used for storage or was empty. Although the building had never been renovated in the past 85 years, it was in good condition. It was also the largest building in the Warehouse District which had yet to undergo demolition or redevelopment.Шаблон:Sfn

In February 2000, Bingham Burnside LLC, a company established by owners and executives of the Burnside Construction Co. of Chicago, initiated a process to purchase the Bingham building for an undisclosed sum.[29]

Bingham Burnside sought to redevelop the structure into a mixed-use development. The company planned spending $66.7 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) on converting Шаблон:Convert of space into 339 apartments, Шаблон:Convert of space into a 340-vehicle parking garage,Шаблон:Efn and Шаблон:Convert of space into ground-floor retail. Bingham Burnside hired Marous Brothers Construction as the general contractor overseeing the project, which it hoped to begin on April 1, 2001. To pay for the conversion, Bingham Burnside received a $2 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) loan from the city of Cleveland, $7.4 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) in historic preservation tax credits from the state; and a $7.8 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) conservation easement from the state. The city also agreed to give the developers a 75 percent tax abatement for the project's first five years, a 50 percent tax abatement for its next five years, and a 25 percent tax abatement in its 11th and 12th years.[30]

Relocation of tenants was nearly complete by early June 2002, somewhat behind schedule. By then, the cost of converting the Шаблон:Convert buildingШаблон:Efn had risen to $70 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[31] The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded Bingham Burnside a $41.8 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) conversion loan.[32] The Bingham became the largest HUD-financed project in Ohio to date.[33] The loan allowed construction on the project to begin in the fall of 2002,[32] with construction expected to be completed in summer 2003.[33]

Unanticipated construction delays meant that the Bingham apartments did not open until May 2004.[34] The final cost of the conversion was $80 million ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars).[34][35]

In late 2004, Constantino's Market opened in Шаблон:Convert of space on the ground floor of the Burnham on W. 9th Street. The space, a former showroom for W. Bingham Co. hardware goods, was restored and conserved. Although the space was broken up by several columns, these were reutilized as display shelves. Constantino's received a $380,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) below-market loan from the city to help pay for the space's renovation.[36]

Conversion awards

The conversion of the warehouse won two awards. The first was the Downtown Development Award, given by the Downtown Cleveland Partnership in March 2005 to Bingham Burnside .[37] The second Award for Excellence in Renovation (Other Buildings), given by the Northern Ohio Chapter of the National Association of Industrial and Office Properties to Marous Brothers Construction in May 2005.[38]

Ownership changes

Burnside Construction suffered severe economic losses during the Great Recession of 2008–2010, and in May 2007 filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy (liquidation). Although The Bingham apartment building was 80 percent full and Constantino's was expanding its space on the ground floor, Bingham Burnside LLC was unable to make its loan payments without the support of its parent company. HUD seized the mortgage and title to the building, and actioned off the mortgage.[39] Resource Real Estate bought the loan for $25 million in March 2010, and successfully completed a foreclosure proceeding against Bingham Burnside.[40] Resource Real Estate won court approval to sell The Bingham in July 2010 in order to satisfy the mortgage.[41]

Resource Real Estate won the November 1, 2010, auction for The Bingham. The company said it planned no major changes at the complex, but would make cosmetic improvements to the common areas.[42]

References

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Commons category-inline

Шаблон:National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

Шаблон:Authority control

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