Английская Википедия:Birch bark letter no. 292
The birch bark letter given the document number 292 is the oldest known document in any Finnic language. The document is dated to the beginning of the 13th century. It was found in 1957 by a Soviet expedition led by Artemiy Artsikhovsky in the Nerevsky excavation on the left coast side of Novgorod.[1] It is currently held at the Novgorod City Museum.
The language used in the document is thought to be an archaic form of Livvi-Karelian, the language spoken in Olonets Karelia,[2] although the exact form is difficult to determine, as Finnic dialects were still developing during that period.
Transcription
Файл:Birch-bark letter 292.gif
The text is written in Cyrillic in the Karelian dialect of the archaic Finnic language. A transcription of the text is as follows:
Interpretations
By Yuri Yeliseyev
The text, as transliterated to the Latin alphabet by Yuri Yeliseyev in 1959[3] and interpreted in modern Finnish: Шаблон:Quote Шаблон:Quote
In English, this means roughly the following: Шаблон:Quote
Yeliseyev believes, that this is an invocation against lightning, as evidenced by "ten your names" construction. According to superstitious notions, knowledge of the name gives a human the magic power over an object or phenomenon.[4]
By Martti Haavio
As the orthography used does not utilize spaces between words, the source text can be transcribed into words in different ways. Martti Haavio gives a different interpretation of the text in his 1964 article, suggesting, that this is a sort of an oath:
In modern Finnish, this means roughly the following:
In modern Estonian, this means roughly the following:
In English, this means roughly the following: Шаблон:Quote
By Yevgeny Khelimsky
Professor Yevgeny Khelimsky in his 1986 work[5] criticizes Haavio's interpretation and gives the third known scientific interpretation, believing the letter to be an invocation, like Yeliseyev:[4]
A translation into Finnish of this interpretation would look something like this:
In English, it means roughly the following: Шаблон:Quote
†Syyttö-Jumala could also mean "Blaming God" or "God that blames"; modern Finnish syyttää = to blame or prosecute.
See also
References
Sources
- Jelisejev, J. S. Vanhin itämerensuomalainen kielenmuistomerkki, Virittäjä-lehti 1961: 134
- Jelisejev, J. S. Itämerensuomalaisia kielenmuistomerkkejä (Zusammenfassung: Ostseefinnische Sprachdenkmäler), Virittäjä-lehti 1966: 296 [1]
- Martti Haavio The Letter on Birch-Bark No. 292, Journal of the Folklore Institute, 1964. Шаблон:JSTOR
- Haavio, Martti, Tuohikirje n:o 292. Vanha suomalaisen muinaisuskonnon lähde, Virittäjä-lehti 1964: 1 [2]
External links
- Шаблон:In lang Birch bark letter no. 292 (includes a photo and references) - at the website on Russian birch bark letters
- Шаблон:In lang Tuohikirje 292
- Шаблон:In lang Vielä kerran itämerensuomen vanhimmista muistomerkeistä - with (English) summary following references
- ↑ А.В. Арциховский, В.И. Борковский. Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1956–1957 гг.). М.: Из-во Акад. Наук СССР, 1963.
- ↑ Itämerensuomalaista kirjoitusta 1200-luvulta Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Елисеев Ю. С. Древнейший письменный памятник одного из прибалтийско-финских языков.— Изв. АН СССР. Отд-ние лит. и языка, 1959, т. 18, Вып. 1, с. 65—72.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Written information on Karelians by S. I. Kochkurkina, A. M. Spiridonov, T. N. Jackson, 1996
- ↑ Хелимский Е. А. О прибалтийско-финском языковом материале в новгородских берестяных грамотах. In the book Янин В. Л., Зализняк А. А. Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1977—1983 гг.): Комментарии и словоуказатель к берестяным грамотам (из раскопок 1951—1983 гг.) / АН СССР. Отд-ние истории. — М.: Наука, 1986. — С. 254—255.)
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Finnic languages
- Novgorod Republic
- Earliest known manuscripts by language
- Uralic inscriptions
- History of Novgorod Oblast
- Incantation
- 13th-century inscriptions
- 13th century in Russia
- Betula
- 1957 in Russia
- 1957 archaeological discoveries
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
