Английская Википедия:Bird-and-flower painting
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Chinese
Bird-and-flower painting, called Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang-zh) in Chinese, is a kind of Chinese painting with a long tradition in China and is considered one of the treasures of Chinese culture.[1] The Шаблон:Transliteration was named after its subject matter. It originated in the Tang dynasty where it gained popularity, matured by the end of that period and during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,[2] and fully reached its peak during the Song dynasty.[1][3] Most Шаблон:Transliteration paintings belong to the scholar-artist style of Chinese painting. In the coming centuries, the genre gained popularity and spread throughout the East Asian cultural sphere. It also had an influence on Iranian painting in the Шаблон:Ill genre of illustration for book covers and illuminated manuscripts.
Intended purpose and cultural significance
According to Chinese tradition, the Шаблон:Transliteration covers "flowers, birds, fish, and insects" (Шаблон:Lang-zh); thus, it can deal with a wide range of natural topics, including flowers, fish, insects, birds, pets (dogs, cats), etc.
The Шаблон:Transliteration paintings are inspired by the resilience and the beauty of the flowers and birds found in nature.[3] The intended purpose of the Шаблон:Transliteration was not simply imitate nature, but to use different painting styles to convey the personality and ideas of the artist.[1] In Chinese culture, different types of birds and flowers held their own symbolic meanings;[1] with some of them even holdings auspicious meanings, scholarly and human virtues, as well as principles.[3]
Scholars-artists, in particular, developed a freehand-style painting as a mean to express their emotions and considered Chinese calligraphy and poetry as being an integral component of their Шаблон:Transliteration painting by giving their ares with a deeper spiritual meaning.[1]
Schools and great artists
The Шаблон:Transliteration is proper of 10th century China; and the most representative artists of this period are Huang Quan (Шаблон:Lang-zh) (c. 900 – 965), who was an imperial painter for many years, and Xu Xi (Шаблон:Lang-zh) (937–975), who came from a prominent family but had never entered into officialdom.[4]Шаблон:RpBoth Huang Quan and Xu Xi were masters of their two schools.
The first school, led by Huang Quan, was characterized by an "outline" method of brush work, with emphasis on bright colours filling a meticulously outline (Шаблон:Transliteration).[5] Huang Quan used to paint based on exotic flowers, herbs, rare birds and animals which were found in the imperial gardens and palaces; his paintings were characterized by their meticulous nature as well as the bright colours.[4]Шаблон:Rp Huang Quan's painting style was thus acclaimed as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang-zh).[4]Шаблон:Rp
The second school was led by Xu Xi whose paintings style became known as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang-zh).[4]Шаблон:RpHis school was typically characterized with the use techniques associated with ink wash painting (Шаблон:Lang-zh).[5]
These two schools would have important influences on Шаблон:Transliteration paintings of the later centuries.[4]Шаблон:Rp
Varieties based on painting technique
According to painting technique:
- Ink wash painting (水墨花鳥/水墨花鳥畫). Representatives: Lin Liang (林良), Qi Baishi (齊白石), Zhang Daqian (張大千)
- Fine-brush (工筆花鳥/工筆花鳥畫)
- Freehand style (寫意花鳥/寫意花鳥畫)
- Fine-brush with Freehand style (兼工帶寫)
In Japan
Bird-and-flower painting was introduced to Japan during the 14th century, and then to Korea. The bird-and-flower motif started appearing in Japanese art around the Muromachi period during the 14th century, and developed its own distinct style. It also entered ukiyo-e woodblock printing, where it was known as kachō-e (花鳥絵). Especially the shin hanga movement produced a number of works with this motif starting in the Meiji era. Artists working with this were Ohara Koson (1877–1945) and Ito Sozan (1884–?), as well as Imao Keinen (1845–1924).[6][7]
See also
Gallery
- Huaniaohua of China
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References
External links
Шаблон:Commons category inline
- Chinese Flower Painting at China Online Museum
- Chinese Bird Painting at China Online Museum
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Marco, Meccarelli. 2015. "Chinese Painters in Nagasaki: Style and Artistic Contaminatio during the Tokugawa Period (1603–1868)" Ming Qing Studies 2015, Pages 175–236.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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