Английская Википедия:Birkenhead, New Zealand
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use New Zealand English Шаблон:Infobox New Zealand suburb Шаблон:Adjacent place Birkenhead is a suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. It is located on the North Shore of the Waitematā Harbour, Шаблон:Convert northwest of the Auckland City Centre. The area has been settled by Tāmaki Māori since at least the 14th century, and is the location of Шаблон:Lang, a fortified pā for Te Kawerau ā Maki that overlooked an important seasonal shark fishery. European settlement in Birkenhead began in late the 1840s, and by the late 19th century the area became renowned for strawberry crops. In 1884, the Chelsea Sugar Refinery was constructed in Birkenhead, becoming a major source of income for Birkenhead. The increased population growth led to Birkenhead becoming one of the first boroughs of Auckland in 1888. Birkenhead transitioned from a semi-rural community to suburban Auckland after the opening of the Auckland Harbour Bridge in 1959, becoming a city in 1978. In 1989, Birkenhead City was amalgamated with North Shore City.
Etymology
The name Birkenhead first appears in relation to a land survey conducted by Charles Heaphy in the summer of 1862 and 1863. The origin is unknown, but it possibly stems from the geographical similarities the area has to Birkenhead in North West England, which is on the opposite shore of the River Mersey to Liverpool. Similar locations can be found in Adelaide and Sydney in Australia.Шаблон:Sfn A common story explaining the origins of the suburb's name involves land developer Samuel Cochrane choosing the name in memory of his hometown,[1][2] but this story appears to be apocryphal, as Cochrane was a Londoner and did not have ties to Liverpool.Шаблон:Sfn The first mentions in press of Birkenhead were real estate advertisements placed by Samuel Cochrane in June 1983.[3]
Geography
The Birkenhead area is primarily uplifted Waitemata Group sandstone, that was deposited on the sea floor during the Early Miocene, between 22 and 16 million years ago.[4] Prior to human settlement, the inland North Shore was a mixed podocarp-broadleaf forest dominated by kauri. Pōhutukawa trees dominated the coastal margins of Birkenhead.[4] Some kauri remnant forest remains in areas around Birkenhead, including Kauri Park, Le Roys Bush, Kauri Point Domain, Kauri Glen and Eskdale Reserve.Шаблон:Sfn
Highbury is a suburb located within Birkenhead,[5] which refers to the older shopping centre at the junction of Birkenhead Avenue and Mokoia Road. The name Highbury was the name of Thomas Forgham's family residence, that was constructed in early colonial Birkenhead.Шаблон:Sfn The name of the house was chosen by English immigrant William Francis Hammond, Forgham's son-in-law, in memory of Highbury, Hammond's parents' townhouse in Highgate, London.Шаблон:Sfn[6]
The highest point in the suburb is the hill in eastern Eskdale Reserve, which reaches a height of Шаблон:Convert above sea-level in the neighbouring suburb of Hillcrest.[1]
History
Māori history
Māori settlement of the Auckland Region began around the 13th or 14th centuries.[7][8] The North Shore was settled by Tāmaki Māori, including people descended from the Tainui migratory canoe and ancestors of figures such as Taikehu and Peretū.[9] Many of the early Tāmaki Māori people of the North Shore identified as Ngā Oho.[10]
Boat Rock (Шаблон:Lang, "The Rat's Tooth") in the Waitematā Harbour southwest of Birkenhead was a location of great significance to Tāmaki Māori. The rock was the location where Te Arawa chief Kahumatamomoe placed a mauri stone (a stone of religious significance), naming the Waitematā ("The Waters of the Stone") after the mauri stone.[11]
The warrior Maki migrated from the Kāwhia Harbour to his ancestral home in the Auckland Region, likely sometime in the 17th century. Maki conquered and unified many the Tāmaki Māori tribes as Te Kawerau ā Maki, including those of the North Shore.[12][13] After Maki's death, his sons settled different areas of his lands, creating new hapū. His younger son Maraeariki settled the North Shore and Hibiscus Coast, who based himself at the head of the Ōrewa River. Maraeariki's daughter Kahu succeeded him, and she is the namesake of the North Shore, Шаблон:Lang ("The Greater Lands of Kahu").[14][15] Many of the iwi of the North Shore, including Ngāti Manuhiri, Ngāti Maraeariki, Ngāti Kahu, Ngāti Poataniwha, Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki and Ngāti Whātua, can trace their lineage to Kahu.[15][16]
The poor clay soils of the inland forest of the hindered development.Шаблон:Sfn Most Māori settlements of the Birkenhead area focused on fishing and harvesting food from the forests.Шаблон:Sfn The focal point of Te Kawerau ā Maki on the North Shore was Шаблон:Lang ("The Brow of Mana"), a headland pā at Kauri Point in modern-day Chatswood, and Шаблон:Lang ("Wind Shelter"), the kāinga below the cliffs at Kendall Bay. Шаблон:Lang was named after the ancestor Manaoterangi, who was the rangatira of the pā in the mid-18th century,[17][18][10] and was likely constructed in the 17th century.Шаблон:Sfn The pā was of strategic importance due to its commanding view of the Waitematā Harbour, and its proximity to a renowned Шаблон:Lang, a shark fishery which brought seasonal visitors from across Tāmaki Makurau and the Hauraki Gulf in the summer,[10]Шаблон:Sfn[19] including important rangatira such as Kiwi Tāmaki and later Tarahawaiki.[20]
Manaoterangi was a close relative of Tuperiri of the Te Taoū/Ngāti Whātua ragatira Tuperiri, and was married to Waikahuia, the sister of Waiohua paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki. Because of this, the pā and Mana's people were spared during the conflicts between Te Taoū and Waiohua in the mid-18th century, and at the end of his life, Manaoterangi entrusted his people to Tuperiri and the iwi that grew to become Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei.[20]
By the early 19th century, the eastern headlands the Upper Waitematā Harbour, including along Oruamo or Hellyers Creek were some of the most densely settled areas of the North Shore by Tāmaki Māori.[21][22] Oruamo or Hellyers Creek was an important transportation node for the North Shore area.[4]
In the latter 18th and early 19th centuries, members of Te Taoū/Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei resided seasonally at Шаблон:Lang.[20] During the early 1820s, most Māori of the North Shore fled for the Waikato or Northland due to the threat of war parties during the Musket Wars.[23][24] Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were raided and destroyed in a night raid around the year 1823.[20]
When Tāmaki Māori returned in greater numbers to the Auckland Region, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang were occupied again, until the early 1840s.[10] The shark fishery remained an important location for many decades onwards. In 1844, when Tāmaki Māori held the feast of Remuera, sharks were caught for the event at this fishery, and considerable numbers of Māori fishing boats fished the area as late as the 1860s.[20]
Outside of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, other known locations of significance to Tāmaki Māori around Birkenhead include Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang was the name of a pā located inland on the Kauri Point ridge,[18][20] and Шаблон:Lang, an inland pā where people would stay seasonally, to snare kākā in the wooded vallies of Шаблон:Lang.[20] The traditional names for the bays of the area include Шаблон:Lang (Chelsea), Шаблон:Lang (Onetaunga and Soldiers Bay), Шаблон:Lang (Island Bay), Шаблон:Lang (Charcoal Bay) and Шаблон:Lang (the bay north of Charcoal Bay).[10]
Early European settlement
Birkenhead was a part of the Mahurangi Block, an area purchased by the Crown on 13 April 1841.Шаблон:Sfn Land speculators purchased much of the isolated forests of Birkenhead in 1843,Шаблон:Sfn and the first permanent settlers arrived in 1849.Шаблон:Sfn
Major Collings Ann de Jersey Grut emigrated to New Zealand in the 1850s from the Channel Islands, alongside her husband Major Collings de Jersey Grut and brother Charles D'Auvergne.[25]Шаблон:Sfn The de Jersey Grut family established a farm and manor near Duck Creek in the 1850s,Шаблон:Sfn but struggled to establish a farm. The poor soil led to starvation, and the servants needing to share food with the de Jersey Grut family members, and cattle would often wander off into the bush. The de Jersey Grut family left in 1865, and had their house shipped to Orewa.Шаблон:Sfn
Henry James Hawkins, established a fruit orchard in the Birkenhead area in the 1850s. Despite the poor clay soil, Hawkins became a famed horticulturalist, winning prizes for crops such as apples, plums, peas, gooseberries, strawberries.Шаблон:Sfn Fruit became a major industry for Birkenhead from the 1860s, notably apples, pears, and two varieties of strawberry, Marguerite and Duke of Edinburgh, which flourished well in clay soils.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Birkenhead was subdivided and promoted as a township from 1863, alongside other settlements such as Allandale and Balmain (neither of which eventuated).Шаблон:Sfn Residents of the village survived through subsistence farming, and profited from bountiful seasonal strawberry crops.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1879, William Francis Hammond bought Шаблон:Convert at Birkenhead Point, establishing Raven Hill estate, followed by Charles E. Button who established a second grand house at Birkenhead Point in 1883. Hammond, the son of a London auctioneer, was a keen promoter of Birkenhead, surveying the area and promoting Birkenhead subdivisions and estates at auctions, and constructing a bridge across Little Shoal Bay, better connecting the community to Northcote.Шаблон:Sfn
Lake Road, connecting Northcote and Birkenhead, was significantly improved in the 1870s, helping development in Birkenhead.Шаблон:Sfn This was aided further by the Auckland Harbour Board constructed a wharf in 1882, which was followed by a post office in 1884.Шаблон:Sfn The new wharf allowed orchardists in Birkenhead to better transport produce to the Auckland market,Шаблон:Sfn further helped by larger orchardists building their own jetties on Oruamo or Hellyers Creek in the north.Шаблон:Sfn In 1886, the Birkenhead and Northcote Fruitgrowing Association was formed.Шаблон:Sfn
By the 1880s, itinerant gum diggers roamed Birkenhead, searching for kauri gum. Birkenhead residents loathed the gum diggers, who would often destroy roads, orchards and farms in order to locate kauri gum. In response, the Waitemata County Council lobbed the Crown to allow the country more direct control over the gum digging industry.Шаблон:Sfn
Chelsea Sugar Refinery and Birkenhead Borough
In 1881, the Australasian Colonial Sugar Refining Company chose Birkenhead for the site of a new sugar refining factory, after founder Edward Knox visited Auckland.[26] The refinery was chosen due to Auckland's relative proximity to the sugarcane plantations of Fiji, and south-eastern Birkenhead was chosen as it was one of the few deep water anchorages of the Waitematā Harbour, and due to its proximity to the fresh water Duck Creek.Шаблон:Sfn[26] The factory opened in 1884, and by 1888 had greatly increased production.Шаблон:Sfn The factory continues to be the largest single site industrial facility on the North Shore.[4]
The establishment of Chelsea Sugar Refinery led to a population explosion in Birkenhead and the surrounding areas,Шаблон:Sfn[4] and led to Birkenhead developing into a suburban township.Шаблон:Sfn In the mid-1880s, a factory village was constructed adjacent for workers at the factory.[4] Mr Judd, the first customs officer, successfully convinced the Colonial Sugar Refining Company to call both the factory and adjacent company village Chelsea, after his hometown in England.Шаблон:Sfn
On 12 April 1888, with only 330 ratepayers living in the area, the Borough of Birkenhead was established as one of the earliest boroughs of Auckland.Шаблон:Sfn Birkenhead was one of the largest boroughs of New Zealand in area size, and tensions existed between the township at Highbury and more rural Birkdale. Highbury residents wanted more funding to be put aside for urban projects such as improved footpaths, frustrating rural Birkdale residents, who needed better rural roads, especially during the strawberry harvesting season.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1885, the Zion Hill Methodist Church was constructed, becoming a major focal point for social life in Birkenhead.Шаблон:Sfn The church visually dominated Birkenhead due to its position on the hill, and was a strong voice for the temperance movement, lobbying against hotels from being established in Birkenhead.Шаблон:Sfn The church and Chelsea Sugar Refinery were the two largest influences on life for Birkenhead residents at the turn of the 20th century.Шаблон:Sfn
Fruit canning and the Sugar Workers Union
By the 1890s, Birkenhead became so well-known for strawberry farms that daytrippers and picknickers would travel to Birkenhead for the growing season.Шаблон:Sfn Growers were increasingly frustrated with the high cost of transporting fruit, and many began establishing canning and jam production operations. One of these operations was Thompson's, which began as a home operation in Birkenhead in 1898. By the following year, the firm moved to a factory on Nelson Street in the Auckland City Centre, growing to become Thompson & Hills, one of the largest canning factories and jam producers in New Zealand in the early 20th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Growers struggled with poor apple and pear crops due to codling moths, so by 1900 turned to growing nectarines and plums.Шаблон:Sfn Commercial fruitgrowing increasingly disappeared from Birkenhead by the 1910s, after becoming unprofitable.Шаблон:Sfn
By the turn of the century, Birkenhead had developed into three centres: suburban Birkenhead, rural Birkdale and Chelsea, adjacent to the refinery.Шаблон:Sfn The factory provided steady work for the community,Шаблон:Sfn employing a third of the workforce of Birkenhead, and allowing farmers and orchardists stability in years with poorer crops.Шаблон:Sfn The ferry service brought new residents to the area who commuted to Auckland for work, although fewer than neighbouring Devonport; only three stores were located in Birkenhead in 1901.Шаблон:Sfn The Birkenhead ferry developed a café atmosphere for the commuters, which included string instrument players, and a smokers cabin, where man of Birkenhead discussed politics.Шаблон:Sfn
Workers at the factory complained of poor conditions, such as 58-hour work weeks, and unsafe conditions in the wash house, where employers would be dismissed if they stopped working due to heat exhaustion.Шаблон:Sfn In 1901, the Sugar Workers Union was formed, pushing for safer conditions and a reduction to a 48-hour work week.Шаблон:Sfn In 1905, the Chelsea workers village was condemned. Following this, Chelsea factory management established the HAWE (Housing Assistance for Wage Earners) Scheme in 1910, where workers were provided with low-interest loans to construct or buy houses close to the refinery.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1910, the Wragge Institute and Museum and Waiata Tropical Gardens were established in Awanui Street.[4] Run by British meteorologist and spiritualist Clement Lindley Wragge and his Anglo-Indian defacto partner Louisa "Edris" Emmeline Horne,[27] the gardens featured a wide range of exotic edible plants and palm trees, becoming a well-known tourist spot.Шаблон:Sfn[4] The centre promoted the planting of palm trees around Auckland.Шаблон:Sfn[4]
Cinema and World Wars
In 1911, the Ancient Order of Foresters built a hall on Hinemoa Street in Birkenhead.[28] In the following year, theatre company manager Henry John Hayward, who lived at Birkenhead, began showing films at Foresters Hall in 1912. Birkenhead became the second suburb of Auckland to have a cinema, and by the 1920s the Foresters Hall had become a major attraction for people across Auckland to attend dances and film showings.Шаблон:Sfn
By 1913, Birkenhead had grown to have 12 stores (compared to 42 in Devonport), including the 1913 Hellaby's butchery, the first building with a tiled ceiling constructed in Australasia.Шаблон:Sfn An increased population led to plans for a new school to open in 1914 on a portion of Edward Skeate's Highbury estate, but plans for a school were delayed until 1919, due to the outbreak of World War I.Шаблон:Sfn 261 men and boys from Birkenhead served in the war. This greatly affected the community, which was further impacted by the 1918 flu pandemic.Шаблон:Sfn
Highbury developed more commercial and residential housing in the 1920s, and was the location of the Birkenhead Borough Chambers.[6] From 1959, the stores of Highbury began declining due to the opening of the Auckland Harbour Bridge, despite an explosion of population growth in the surrounding suburbs.[29] A small state housing area was constructed at Hammond Place,Шаблон:Sfn and in the mid-1970s the Highbury Bypass was constructed, linking Mokoia Road to Onewa Road, without the need to drive through Highbury.[6]
In December 1926, electricity was first installed in Birkenhead,Шаблон:Sfn and in January 1934 water infrastructure was greatly improved. Having used water piped from Lake Pupuke until this time, the pipe pumped water from Western Springs to Birkenhead under the Waitematā Harbour, and was the longest pipe of its kind when installed.[4]
Farms in Birkenhead offered increasingly poor harvests through the 1920s, due to the soil being overworked. Farmers turned away from strawberries, growing crops such as pumpkins and tomatoes instead.Шаблон:Sfn By the 1930s during the Great Depression, many farms had become unprofitable.Шаблон:Sfn During these times, the Birkenhead Borough operated an unemployment loan scheme for residents, and relief workers worked on infrastructure projects including drain digging, clearing scrubland and improving roads.Шаблон:Sfn The last commercial strawberry fields were removed in the 1940s.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1938 on the eve of World War II, the New Zealand Government established the Kauri Point Armament Depot at Birkenhead.Шаблон:Sfn 332 soldiers and one nurse from Birkenhead enlisted, of whom 29 died.Шаблон:Sfn Chelsea Sugar Refinery workers were protected from enlistment, and many residents serves as a part of the Home Guard. While never employed, the Home Guard dug anti-tank tranches on the Glenfield ridge, and practiced warfare at Eskdale Reserve.Шаблон:Sfn Many women of Birkenhead took up jobs traditionally held by men, including working at the offices and golden syrup room at Chelsea Sugar Refinery, and working at the Kauri Point Armament Depot.Шаблон:Sfn The arrival of American troops in Auckland helped Birkenhead flowers, due to the increased need for fresh food and flowers.Шаблон:Sfn
Suburban development
In the 1950s, Birkenhead was a semi-rural area of Auckland, with only the areas close to the Birkenhead Wharf having a suburban atmosphere.Шаблон:Sfn In 1959, the Auckland Harbour Bridge opened, which rapidly brought Birkenhead closer to Auckland.Шаблон:Sfn The North Shore wharves of the Waitematā Harbour stopped being major transport nodes, and instead, areas with views of the Waitematā Harbour rose in importance for suburban housing.Шаблон:Sfn From 1960, the Birkenhead Borough Council encouraged construction of low-cost suburban houses in the borough, and a small state housing area was constructed at Hammond Place (near Highbury Pass).Шаблон:Sfn
Birkenhead's population and commercial centre rapidly developed in the 1970s, helped in part by the development of Wairau Valley as an industrial park. From the 1970s, Samoan New Zealander and Urban Māori communities developed around Birkenhead, many of whom worked at Wairau Valley and the Sugar Refinery.Шаблон:Sfn After the population exceeded 20,000 people, Birkenhead Borough became the City of Birkenhead in 1978.Шаблон:Sfn
In the mid-1980s, the Borough Council planned to develop a new supermarket at Highbury, to counteract commercial decline. In 1989, Highbury became a part of North Shore City, and the new city council began planning the Strawberry Fields Shopping Centre from 1990, with Countdown as an anchor store. On 8 May 1995, the shopping centre formally opened, now named Highpoint Shopping Centre.[29][30] In 1997 after expansions, the mall was renamed Birkenhead Shopping Centre, and later renamed to Highbury Shopping Centre in the mid-2000s.[29] By the 2000s, Birkenhead Town Centre had developed a restaurant culture.[31]
In November 2010, the suburb was included into the North Shore ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions of the newly-formed Auckland Council. Under the council, Birkenhead is part of the Kaipātiki Local Board Area.
Demographics
Birkenhead covers Шаблон:Convert[32] and had an estimated population of Шаблон:Decimals as of Шаблон:NZ population data 2018 SA2 with a population density of Шаблон:Decimals people per km2.
Шаблон:Historical populations Birkenhead had a population of 10,536 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 894 people (9.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,230 people (13.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,780 households, comprising 5,022 males and 5,514 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.91 males per female, with 1,836 people (17.4%) aged under 15 years, 2,037 (19.3%) aged 15 to 29, 5,010 (47.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,653 (15.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 75.7% European/Pākehā, 6.7% Māori, 2.9% Pacific peoples, 20.0% Asian, and 3.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 39.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.4% had no religion, 33.6% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.8% were Hindu, 1.2% were Muslim, 1.9% were Buddhist and 2.2% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 3,495 (40.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 753 (8.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,487 people (28.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,755 (54.7%) people were employed full-time, 1,281 (14.7%) were part-time, and 216 (2.5%) were unemployed.[33]
| Name | Area (km2) | Population | Density (per km2) | Households | Median age | Median income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birkenhead West | 2.26 | 4,653 | 2,059 | 1,641 | 37.4 years | $40,900[34] |
| Birkenhead North | 1.01 | 2,865 | 2,837 | 1,059 | 36.2 years | $38,300[35] |
| Birkenhead South | 1.36 | 3,018 | 2,219 | 1,080 | 41.0 years | $51,600[36] |
| New Zealand | 37.4 years | $31,800 |
Local government
The first local government in the area was the North Shore Highway District, which began operating in 1868 and administered roading and similar projects across the North Shore.[4] From 1876, Birkenhead was also a part of the Takapuna Riding of Waitemata County; a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland.[37] In 1884 the Birkenhead Road District split from the North Shore Highway District.[4]
On 12 April 1888, with only 330 ratepayers the Birkenhead Road District became the Borough of Birkenhead, one of the earliest boroughs of Auckland.Шаблон:Sfn The borough had a mayor and a local council, and was able to make more decisions on how to invest in the area. After 90 years due to major growth in the mid-20th century, Birkenhead became a city on 15 March 1978, with a population of 20,000 people.Шаблон:Sfn In 1989, Birkenhead was merged into the North Shore City.[38] North Shore City was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.[39]
Within the Auckland Council, Birkenhead is a part of the Kaipātiki local government area governed by the Kaipātiki Local Board. It is a part of the North Shore ward, which elects two councillors to the Auckland Council.
Mayors during Birkenhead Borough Council
| Name | Term | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Charles Button | 1888–1901 |
| 2 | Joseph Witheford | 1901–1905 |
| 3 | Albert Frederick Porter | 1905–1906 |
| 4 | Alexander Keyes | 1906–1911 |
| 5 | John Green Kay | 1911–1912 |
| 6 | William Wallace | 1912–1915 |
| 7 | James McPhail | 1915–1921 |
| 8 | John William Court | 1921–1922 |
| 9 | Albert Hadfield | 1922–1923 |
| 10 | Edward Cranston Walton | 1923–1925 |
| 11 | Ernest Skeates | 1925–1929 |
| (7) | James McPhail | 1929–1932 |
| 12 | George Mills | 1932–1936 |
| 13 | Ernie Osborne | 1936–1953 |
| 14 | Cliff Utting | 1953–1959 |
| 15 | Cyril Crocombe | 1959–1968 |
| 16 | Bert Stanley | 1968–1977 |
| 17 | Graham Stott | 1977–1978 |
Source:[40]
Mayors during Birkenhead City Council
| Name | Term | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Graham Stott | 1978–1986 |
| 2 | Ann Hartley | 1986–1989 |
Source:[40]
Economy
Highbury Shopping Centre is located in Birkenhead. It includes 600 carparks and 25 retailers, including a Countdown supermarket.[41] The central Birkenhead shopping area is known as the Birkenhead Town Centre.
Amenities
- Birkenhead Point is home to the Birkenhead Ferry Terminal, and features an all-tide boat ramp.[31]
- Le Roys Bush is a native bush reserve located in Birkenhead.[42]
Sport
Birkenhead is home to Birkenhead United who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 1B.[43] During the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, Birkenhead United hosted the Italy women's national football team, and as a part of this their clubrooms were greatly upgraded.[44]
Education
Birkenhead School and Verran Primary School are coeducational contributing primary (years 1–6) schools with rolls of Шаблон:NZ school roll data[45] and Шаблон:NZ school roll data[46] respectively. Birkenhead School was founded in 1919 as an extension of Northcote School.[47] Verran Primary School was founded in 1964.[48] Rolls are as of Шаблон:NZ school roll data
Notable people
- Clement Lindley Wragge, the meteorologist who began the tradition of using people's names for cyclones lived his final years at 8 Awanui Street, Birkenhead and planted palms in his, and neighbours', gardens.
- Rudall Hayward was an early NZ film-maker, producing Rewi's Last Stand (see Cinema of New Zealand)
- Hone Tuwhare, the poet, was briefly a Birkenhead Borough Councillor
- Hon Mike Rann CNZM, former Premier of South Australia, Australian High Commissioner to UK and Ambassador to Italy, lived in Birkenhead from 1964 to 1977.
- Edward Le Roy was a businessman who ran a tent making business in Auckland. Le Roys Bush and Le Roy Tce are named after him.
See also
Panorama
References
Шаблон:ReflistШаблон:Sfn whitelistШаблон:Sfn whitelist
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
- Birkenhead Community Facilities Trust
- Photographs of Birkenhead held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections.
- Alice Mickle story at Auckland War Memorial Museum, describing Mickle's efforts to support Birkenhead soldiers during World War I.
- Birkenhead War Memorial Park Masterplan
Шаблон:Kaipātiki Local Board Area Шаблон:Subject bar
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
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- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite q
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 20,5 20,6 Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
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- ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Шаблон:NZ census 2018
- ↑ Шаблон:NZ census place summary 2018
- ↑ Шаблон:NZ census place summary 2018
- ↑ Шаблон:NZ census place summary 2018
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:TKI
- ↑ Шаблон:TKI
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
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