Английская Википедия:Bishop of Durham
Шаблон:Short descriptionШаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Infobox diocese The bishop of Durham is responsible for the diocese of Durham in the province of York. The diocese is one of the oldest in England and its bishop is a member of the House of Lords. Paul Butler has been the bishop of Durham since his election was confirmed at York Minster on 20 January 2014.[1] The previous bishop was Justin Welby, now archbishop of Canterbury.
The bishop is officially styled The Right Reverend (First Name), by Divine Providence Lord Bishop of Durham, but this full title is rarely used. In signatures, the bishop's family name is replaced by Dunelm, from the Latin name for Durham (the Latinised form of Old English Dunholm). In the past, bishops of Durham varied their signatures between Dunelm and the French Duresm. Prior to 1836 the bishop had significant temporal powers over the liberty of Durham and later the county palatine of Durham. The bishop, with the bishop of Bath and Wells, escorts the sovereign at the coronation.
Durham Castle was a residence of the bishops from its construction in the 11th century until 1832, when it was given to the University of Durham to use as a college. Auckland Castle then became the bishops' main residence until July 2012, when it was sold to the Auckland Castle Trust. The bishop continues to have offices there.[2][3]
History
The bishop of Lindisfarne is an episcopal title which takes its name after the tidal island of Lindisfarne, which lies just off the northeast coast of Northumberland, England. The title was first used by the Anglo-Saxons between the 7th and 10th centuries. In the reign of Æthelstan (924–939) Wigred, thought by Simon Keynes to have been Bishop of Chester-le-Street, attested royal charters.[4] According to George Molyneaux, the church of St Cuthbert "was in all probability the greatest landholder between the Tees and the Tyne".Шаблон:Sfn Traditionally, following the chronology of the twelfth-century writer Symeon of Durham, historians have believed that the body of St Cuthbert and centre of the diocese lay at Chester-le-Street from the ninth century until 995, but recent research has suggested that the bishops may have been based at Norham on the River Tweed until after 1013.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The title of "bishop of Lindisfarne" is now used by the Roman Catholic Church for a titular see.
The Anglo-Saxon bishops of Lindisfarne were ordinaries of several early medieval episcopal sees (and dioceses) in Northumbria and pre-Conquest England. The first such see was founded at Lindisfarne in 635 by Saint Aidan.[5]
From the 7th century onwards, in addition to his spiritual authority, the bishops of Lindisfarne, and then Durham, also acted as the civil ruler of the region as the lord of the liberty of Durham, with local authority equal to that of the king. The bishop appointed all local officials and maintained his own court. After the Norman Conquest, this power was retained by the bishop and was eventually recognised with the designation of the region as the County Palatine of Durham. As holder of this office, the bishop was both the earl of the county and bishop of the diocese. Though the term 'prince-bishop' has become a common way of describing the role of the bishop prior to 1836, the term was unknown in Medieval England.[6]
A UNESCO site describes the role of the bishops as a "buffer state between England and Scotland":[7]
From 1075, the bishop of Durham became a prince-bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England's northern frontier.
A 1788 report adds that the bishops had the authority to appoint judges and barons and to offer pardons.[8]
Except for a brief period of suppression during the English Civil War, the bishopric retained this temporal power until it was abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 with the powers returned to the Crown.[9] A shadow of the former temporal power can be seen in the bishop's coat of arms, which contains a coronet as well as a mitre and crossed crozier and sword. The bishop of Durham also continued to hold a seat in the House of Lords; that has continued to this day by virtue of the ecclesiastical office.[10][11]
List of bishops
Early Medieval bishops
Bishops of Lindisfarne | |||
---|---|---|---|
From | Until | Incumbent | Notes |
635 | 651 | Aidan | Saint Aidan. |
651 | 661 | Finan | Saint Finan. |
661 | 664 | Colmán | Saint Colmán. |
664 | Tuda | Saint Tuda. | |
In 664 the diocese was merged to York by Wilfrid (who succeeded Tuda following his death), leaving one large diocese in the large northern Kingdom of Northumbria. | |||
The diocese was reinstated in 678 by Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury following Wilfrid's banishment from Northumbria by King Ecgfrith. Its new seat was initially (at least in part) at Hexham (until a new diocese was created there in 680). | |||
678 | 685 | Eata of Hexham | Saint Eata. |
685 | 687 | Cuthbert | Saint Cuthbert. |
688 | 698 | Eadberht | Saint Eadberht. |
698 | 721 | Eadfrith | Saint Eadfrith. |
721 | 740 | Æthelwold | Saint Æthelwold. |
740 | 780 | Cynewulf | |
780 | 803 | Higbald | |
803 | 821 | Egbert | |
821 | 830 | Heathwred | |
830 | 845 | Ecgred | |
845 | 854 | Eanbert | |
854 | 875 | Eardulf | |
883 | 889 | Eardulf | |
900 | Шаблон:Circa 915 | Cutheard | |
Шаблон:Circa | Шаблон:Circa | Tilred | |
Шаблон:Circa | maybe 942? | Wilgred | |
maybe 942? | unknown | Uchtred | |
unknown, expelled after 6 months | Sexhelm | ||
before 946 | maybe 968? | Aldred | |
maybe 968? | maybe 968? | Ælfsige | Called "Bishop of St Cuthbert". |
990 | 995 | Aldhun | According to the traditional account, the see was moved to Durham. |
In 995, the King had paid the Danegeld to the Danish and Norwegian Kings and peace was restored. According to the legend, Aldhun was on his way to reestablish the see at Lindisfarne when he received a divine vision that the body of St Cuthbert should be laid to rest in Durham. | |||
Source(s):Шаблон:Sfn | |||
Bishops of Durham | |||
From | Until | Incumbent | Notes |
995 | 1018 | Aldhun | |
1021 | 1041 | Edmund | |
1041 | 1042 | Eadred | |
1042 | 1056 | Æthelric | |
1056 | 1071 | Æthelwine | |
Source(s):[12] |
Pre-Reformation bishops
Bishops of Durham | |||
---|---|---|---|
From | Until | Incumbent | Notes |
1071 | 1080 | Walcher | |
1081 | 1096 | William de St-Calais | |
1099 | 1128 | Ranulf Flambard | |
1133 | 1140 | Geoffrey Rufus | |
1141 | 1143 | William Cumin | |
1143 | 1153 | William of St. Barbara | |
1153 | 1195 | Hugh de Puiset | |
1197 | 1208 | Philip of Poitou | |
1209 | 1213 | Richard Poore | Election quashed by Pope Innocent III (who was quarrelling with King John); later elected and consecrated. |
1214 | 1214 | John de Gray | Died before consecration. |
1215 | 1215 | Morgan | Election quashed. |
1217 | 1226 | Richard Marsh | |
1226 | 1227 | William Scot | Election quashed. |
1229 | 1237 | Richard Poore | Translated from Salisbury. |
1237 | 1240 | Thomas de Melsonby | Resigned before consecration. |
1241 | 1249 | Nicholas Farnham | |
1249 | 1260 | Walter of Kirkham | |
1260 | 1274 | Robert Stitchill | |
1274 | 1283 | Robert of Holy Island | |
1284 | 1310 | Antony Bek | Also Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1306 to 1311 (the only English person ever to hold this post). |
1311 | 1316 | Richard Kellaw | Шаблон:AnchorIn the ensuing vacancy, Thomas de Charlton, John Walwayn and John de Kynardesley were nominated by Edward II, Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster respectively, but the chapter elected Henry de Stamford OSB on 6 November 1316. That election was never confirmed, but quashed by Pope John XXII on 10 December. |
1317 | 1333 | Lewis de Beaumont | |
1333 | 1345 | Richard de Bury | |
1345 | 1381 | Thomas Hatfield | |
1382 | 1388 | John Fordham | Translated to Ely. |
1388 | 1406 | Walter Skirlaw | Translated from Bath & Wells. |
1406 | 1437 | Thomas Langley | |
1437 | 1457 | Robert Neville | Translated from Salisbury |
1457 | 1476 | Lawrence Booth | Translated to York. |
1476 | 1483 | William Dudley | |
1484 | 1494 | John Sherwood | |
1494 | 1501 | Файл:Richard Foxe from NPG.jpg Richard Foxe | Translated from Bath & Wells, later translated to Winchester. |
1502 | 1505 | William Senhouse | Translated from Carlisle. |
1507 | 1508 | Файл:Christopher Bainbridge.jpg Christopher Bainbridge | Translated to York. |
1509 | 1523 | Thomas Ruthall | |
1523 | 1529 | Файл:Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.jpg Thomas Wolsey | Archbishop of York. Held Durham in commendam. |
1530 | 1552 | Файл:CuthbertTunstall.jpg Cuthbert Tunstall | Translated from London. |
Source(s):[12] |
Post-Reformation bishops
Late modern bishops (since 1836)
Assistant bishops
Among those who have served as assistant bishops of the diocese have been:
- 1889–1902 (ret.): Daniel Sandford, Rector of Boldon and coadjutor bishop; former Bishop of Tasmania[19]
- 1904–1906: Noel Hodges, former Bishop of Travancore and Cochin (later Assistant Bishop of Ely and of St Albans)[20]
- 1970–1975: Kenneth Skelton, Rector of Bishopwearmouth and former Bishop of Matabeleland (became Bishop of Lichfield)[21]
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
External links
Шаблон:Anglican Bishops & Archbishops - Great Britain
- ↑ Archbishop of York – Bishop of Durham Election Confirmed Шаблон:Webarchive (Accessed 20 January 2014)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Keynes, Atlas, Table XXXVII
- ↑ Шаблон:Catholic
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Diocese of Durham – New Bishop Announced
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Who's Who
- ↑ Шаблон:Who's Who
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