Английская Википедия:Bissekty Formation

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Rockunit The Bissekty Formation (sometimes referred to as Bissekt) is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte which crops out in the Kyzyl Kum desert of Uzbekistan, and dates to the Late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the mid to late Turonian, it is dated to about 92 to 90 Ma (million years ago).[1]

Description

The lithology of the sediment largely consists of cross bedded sandstones with interbeds of massive sandstone, well cemented intraformational conglomerate, siltstones and mudstones. Most of the fossils are found as clasts within the conglomerates.[2]

Fossil content

The Bissekty Formation is characterised by a mix of marine, brackish, freshwater, and terrestrial animal fossils. This stands in contrast the strictly marine fossils found in the underlying Dzheirantui Formation, and indicates that the Bissekty was formed during the regression of a saltwater sea. The coastline expanded inland again in the upper portion of the Bissekty, represented by a proportional increase of fully aquatic species, which were almost completely absent from the middle period of the formation. Semi-aquatic species remained abundant during this middle period, and the geology of the formations indicates that a braided river system took the place of the coastline. Eventually the area was again completely underwater, during the time period represented by the later Aitym Formation, which preserves coastal marine sediments.[2]

Vertebrates

The Bissekty Formation is notable for preserving the most abundant Turonian land animal fossils in Eurasia, and the most diverse fauna of Late Cretaceous eutherians (placental mammals and relatives) in the world.[2]

Listings and accompanying information are based on a survey of the Bissekty Formation published by Cory Redman and Lindsey Leighton in 2009 unless otherwise noted.[2] Aquatic and semi-aquatic species are restricted to freshwater unless otherwise noted.

Amphibians

An indeterminate species of salamander-like albanerpetontid amphibian. An indeterminate gobiatid species.

Amphibians of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes
Aralobatrachus A. robustus A frog
Eoscapherpeton E. asiaticum A scapherpetontid salamander
Gobiates G. sosedkoi A gobiatid frog
Gobiates spp. Additional indeterminate species of Gobiates
Itemirella I. cretacea A possible discoglossid frog
Kizylkuma K. antiqua A possible discoglossid marine frog
Mynbulakia M. surgai A batrachosauroidid salamander

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fishes of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Cretodus C. crassidens A marine cretoxyrhinid
Heterodontus Indeterminate A marine bullhead shark
Hispidaspis Indeterminate A sand shark tolerant of brackish water
Hybodus Indeterminate A hybodontid tolerant of brackish water
Файл:Hybodus NT.jpg
Ischyrhiza I. serra A sclerorhynchid tolerant of brackish water
Myledaphus M. tritus A rhinobatoid tolerant of brackish water
Polyacrodus Indeterminate A polyacrodontid tolerant of brackish water
Scapanorhynchus S. rhaphiodon A goblin shark tolerant of brackish water
Файл:Scapanorhynchus raphiodon.jpg

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes
Kansajsuchus K. borealis A possible goniopholidid mesoeucrocodylian
Tadzhikosuchus T. macrodentis A possible alligatoroid eusuchian
Zholsuchus Z. procevus A possible mesoeucrocodylian
Zhyrasuchus Z. angustifrons A possible eusuchian

Lizards

An indeterminate gekkonid. An indeterminate priscagamid. An indeterminate scincid.

Lizards of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes
Buckantaus B. crassidens A macrocephalosaurid
Ekshmer E. bissektensis A priscagamid

Mammals and other therapsids

Mammaliaformes of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes
Aspanlestes A. aptap A zhelestid
Bulaklestes B. kezbe An asioryctitherian
Daulestes D. inobservabilis An asioryctitherian
D. kulbeckensis An asioryctitherian
Eoungulatum E. kudukensis A zhelestid
Kulbeckia K. kulbecke A zalambdalestid
Paranyctoides P. quadrans An eutherian
Parazhelestes P. mynbulakensis A zhelestid
P. robustus A zhelestid
Shalbaatar S. bakht A symmetrodont
Sulestes S. karakshi A deltatheroid
Uchkudukodon U. nessovi An asioryctitherian
Uzbekbaatar U. kizylkumensis A cimolodont
Zhelestes Z. temirkazyk A zhelestid

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Plesiosauria Indeterminate Marine, possibly tolerant of brackish water

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Azhdarcho A. lancicollis Dzhara-Kuduk Taykarshinskaya unit An azhdarchid
Файл:Azhdarcho pair.png

Ray-finned fish

An indeterminate acipenserid. An indeterminate albulid (bonefish) species. An indeterminate albulid (bonefish) species. An indeterminate pholidophoriform species.

Ray-finned fish of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Aidachar A. paludalis An ichthyodectiform tolerant of brackish water
"Amia" "A." limosa A bowfin tolerant of brackish water, Nomen dubium[3]
Atractosteus A. turanensis A gar tolerant of brackish water
Belonostomus B. aciculifer An aspidorhynchid
Psephuroides P. kazakhorum A paddlefish


Dinosaurs

Theropods

An unnamed ornithomimosaur, known from fragmentary remains.[4] An indeterminate tyrannosauroid species, known from isolated teeth.[5]

Non-Enantiornithine Theropod dinosaurs of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Description Images
"Archaeornithomimus" A. bissektensis "Metatarsals"[6] A dubious ornithomimosaur
Файл:Archaeornithomimus.png
Caenagnathasia C. martinsoni "[Two] partial mandibles"[7] An elmisaurine caenagnathid
Файл:Caenagnathasia.jpg
Dzharaonyx D. eski An alvarezsaur
Euronychodon E. asiaticus A possible troodontid based on isolated teeth[8][9][10]
Itemirus I. medullaris A dromaeosaurine
Файл:Itemirus.png
Kuszholia[11] K. mengi[11] "[Two] synsacra"[11]
Platanavis[12] P. nana[12] "Sacrum"[13]
Therizinosauroidea spp.[14] Indeterminate Partial crania also preserving some teeth and some postcranial elements including pedal bones (from multiple individuals) At least two different therizinosauroids
Timurlengia[15] T. euotica Two braincases, dentary, and miscellaneous postcranial elements (from multiple individuals) A non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroid
Файл:Timurlengia.jpg
Ulughbegsaurus U. uzbekistanensis A left maxilla, the ramus end of a left maxilla, and the posterior end of a right maxilla. A dubious theropod, possibly a dromaeosaurid.[16]
Urbacodon Unnamed species A troodontid, known from isolated teeth[17]
Zhyraornis Z. kashkarovi A possible ornithurine
Sauropods
Sauropod dinosaurs of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Description Images
Dzharatitanis D. kingi An anterior caudal vertebra. Originally described as a rebbachisaurid, a later study has suggested it was lognkosaurian titanosaur[18]
Titanosauria Indeterminate CCMGE 628/12457, a braincase
Ornithischians

Шаблон:Paleobiota-key-compact

Ornithischians reported from the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Description Images
Amtosaurus A. archibaldi[12] Reclassified as Bissektipelta[19]
Bactrosaurus B. kyslkumensis "Fragmentary dentary [=maxilla], vetebrae, tibia."[20] Nomen dubium
Bissektipelta B. archibaldi[19] "Partial skull."[21] An ankylosaur
Cionodon C. kyslkumensis[12] Reclassified as Bactrosaurus kyslkumensis[19]
Gilmoreosaurus G. arkhangelskyi Nomen dubium
Levnesovia L. transoxiana "Braincases" A hadrosauroid
Turanoceratops[12] T. tardabilis[12] A ceratopsian[22]
Файл:Turanoceratops tardabilis life restoration.jpg
Enantiornithines
Enantiornithines of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Description Images
Abavornis A. bonaparti Known from a partial coracoid[23] A possible enantiornithine.[23] A possible second species of Abavornis in the Bissekty Formation is known from a partial coracoid.[23]
Catenoleimus C. anachoretus A possible enantiornithine
Explorornis E. nessovi An enantiornithine. Possible third and fourth species of Explorornis in the Bissekty Formation are known from partial coracoids.[23]
E. walkeri "Coracoid"[24]
Ichthyornis I. minusculus "Dorsal vertebra"[13] An enantiornithine originally but incorrectly identified as a species of Ichthyornis.[25]
Incolornis I. martini Known from a partial coracoid[23] A possible enantiornithine[23]
I. silvae Known from a partial coracoid[23] A possible enantiornithine[23]
Kizylkumavis[12] K. cretacea[12] "Distal humerus"[24] An enantiornithine
Kuszholia K. mengi "[Two] synsacra"[11] An enantiornithine
Lenesornis[12] L. maltshevskyi[12] "Synsacrum"[24] A possible enantiornithine
cf. Nanantius An enantiornithine, similar to Nanantius eos
Sazavis[12] S. prisca[12] "Distal tibiotarsus"[26] An enantiornithine
Zhyraornis[12] Z. kashkarovi[12] "Synsacrum"[26]
Z. logunovi[12] "Synsacrum"[26]

Turtles

An indeterminate trionychid (soft-shell) turtle species that was tolerant of brackish water.

Turtles of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes
"Adocus" "Adocus" aksary An adocid tolerant of brackish water
Anatolemys Indeterminate A "macrobaenid" tolerant of brackish water
Khunnuchelys K. kizylkumensis A trionychid tolerant of brackish water
Lindholmemys L. elegans A "lindholmemydid" tolerant of brackish water
Shachemys S. ancestralis An adocid tolerant of brackish water

Invertebrates

An indeterminate species of marine coral.

Arthropods

Arthropods of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes
Linuparus L. dzheirantuiensis Marine A spiny lobster

Molluscs

An indeterminate species of marine placenticeratid ammonite. An indeterminate species of marine teredinid shipworm. An indeterminate marine trigoniid bivalve. An indeterminate marine veneroid bivalve.

Molluscs of the Bissekty Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes
Crassatelites Indeterminate A marine crassatellid bivalve
Mytiloides M. labiatus A marine inoceramid bivalve
Plagiostoma Indeterminate A marine limoid bivalve
Quadratotrigonia Indeterminate A marine trigoniid bivalve
Xylophaga Indeterminate An indeterminate species of marine shipworm

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Further reading

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Redman & Leighton, 2009
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Sues & Averianov, 2016
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ "Table 6.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 139.
  7. ↑ "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 166.
  8. ↑ "Table 10.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 199.
  9. ↑ "Table 9.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 185.
  10. ↑ Nesov, A. (1995). "Dinosaurs of Northern Eurasia: new data about assemblages, ecology and paleobiogeography." Scientific Research Institute of the Earth's Crust. St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia: 156 pp. + 14 pl. [in Russian with short English, German, and French abstracts].
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 212.
  12. ↑ 12,00 12,01 12,02 12,03 12,04 12,05 12,06 12,07 12,08 12,09 12,10 12,11 12,12 12,13 12,14 "Dinosaur distribution (Bissekty Formation)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 594.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 216.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Averianov, 2002
  20. ↑ "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 442.
  21. ↑ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 367.
  22. ↑ Sues & Averianov, 2009
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 23,6 23,7 Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 213.
  25. ↑ Kurochkin. (1996). "A new Enantiornithid of the Mongolian Late Cretaceous, and a general appraisal of the Infraclass Enantiornithes (Aves)." Russian Academy of Sciences, special issue: 50pp.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 214.
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