Английская Википедия:Black-chinned sparrow

The black-chinned sparrow (Spizella atrogularis) is a small bird in the genus Spizella, in the New World sparrow family Passerellidae. It is found in the southwestern United States and throughout much of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; most populations in the US migrate south after breeding while those in Mexico are Шаблон:Birdgloss. It is a slim, long-tailed bird, primarily gray with a reddish-brown back streaked with black, brown wings and tail, a pink beak, and brownish legs and feet. In the breeding season, the male shows black on his throat, chin, and the front of his face. Females, youngsters and nonbreeding males show little or no black in these areas. An unobtrusive bird, it spends much of its time foraging slowly along the ground, either alone or in small groups, sometimes mixing with other Spizella species. It is an omnivore, feeding primarily on seeds during the winter and insects during the summer. It builds a cup-shaped nest of grasses, rootlets, or plant fibers, into which the female lays 2–5 pale blue eggs. The female does most or all of the egg incubation, but both parents feed the hatched nestlings.

The species was first described by Jean Louis Cabanis in 1851. Four subspecies have been identified: one breeds only in the US, one only in Mexico, and the other two breed in both countries. Most northern populations move south—primarily into Mexico—for the winter. Because of its apparently large population size and very large range, it is considered to be a species of least concern. However, increasing global temperatures could have a significantly negative impact on its numbers.

Taxonomy

German ornithologist Jean Louis Cabanis first described the black-chinned sparrow in 1851, using a specimen which is thought to have been collected near Mexico City. He called it Spinites atrogularis.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Within the decade, most authorities had moved it to the genus Spizella, where it has remained since. It is one of six small New World sparrows in the genus,Шаблон:Sfn and is known to have hybridized with Brewer's sparrow, a congener.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Mitochondrial DNA studies have shown that the field sparrow is its closest relative.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn There are four recognized subspecies:

S. a. evura, first described by Elliott Coues in 1866, is found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico (northern Sonora).Шаблон:Sfn Also known as the Arizona black-chinned sparrow, it has been considered a distinct species (Spizella evura) by some authors (Coues and Richard Bowdler Sharpe, for instance) in the past.Шаблон:Sfn
S. a. caurina, first described by Alden H. Miller in 1929, is found in west-central California.Шаблон:Sfn This subspecies is also known as the San Francisco black-chinned sparrow.Шаблон:Sfn
S. a. cana, first described by Coues in 1866, is found in southwestern California, and Baja California in northwestern Mexico.Шаблон:Sfn Also known as the California black-chinned sparrow, it has been considered by some in the past (Sharpe, for example) as a distinct species.Шаблон:Sfn
S. a. atrogularis, the nominate subspecies, was described by Cabanis in 1851. It is found in north-central Mexico,Шаблон:Sfn and is also known as the Mexican black-chinned sparrow.Шаблон:Sfn

The genus name Spizella is a diminutive of the Ancient Greek word Шаблон:Lang, meaning "finch".Шаблон:Sfn The species name atrogularis is a combination of the Latin Шаблон:Lang, meaning "black" and Шаблон:Lang, meaning "-throated" (from Шаблон:Lang, meaning "throat").Шаблон:Sfn The common name "sparrow" is an English word which was in use prior to the 12th century. Though originally used for the house sparrow, a common European species, its usage expanded to the unrelated New World sparrows because of their similar appearance.Шаблон:Sfn

Description

The black-chinned sparrow is a small passerine, measuring 5 to Шаблон:Fraction in. (13–15 cm) in length, with a wingspan of roughly Шаблон:Fraction in. (19–20 cm).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn It weighs Шаблон:Convert, with a median weight of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Overall, it is a slender, round-headed bird, with a high Шаблон:Birdgloss and a long, notched tail, which is proportionately longer than that of other Spizella sparrows.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The sexes are similar, though the male averages slightly larger.Шаблон:Sfn The adult's head and body are gray, and its back is reddish-brown with black streaks.Шаблон:Sfn It has a "poorly defined" whitish belly, and its rump and Шаблон:Birdgloss are an unstreaked gray.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The feathers in its wings and tail are dark brown with paler edges (white in the tail).Шаблон:Sfn In Шаблон:Birdgloss (during the breeding season), the male has extensive black on its chin, throat and the front of its face. It loses most or all of this black during the nonbreeding season; the oldest males may retain some black flecking. The female has little or no black on her face, chin, or throat at any point during the year.Шаблон:Sfn In Шаблон:Birdgloss, males and females can be difficult to tell apart.Шаблон:Sfn The juvenile resembles a nonbreeding adult, but shows indistinct streaking on its underparts, and two faint Шаблон:Birdgloss.Шаблон:Sfn The head and underparts have a brownish wash, and its outer Шаблон:Birdgloss are tawny-colored.Шаблон:Sfn The legs and feet are dark brown or dusky,Шаблон:Sfn and the bill is small, stout, and pink.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Recent fledglings may have darker bills, as well as notably short tails, yellow Шаблон:Birdgloss, and paler gray heads.Шаблон:Sfn

Voice

Шаблон:Birdsong Its call is a high, soft tsip or stip.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In flight it gives a soft ssip, a call said to resemble that of the chipping sparrow.Шаблон:Sfn The song is a series of clear, high-pitched whistles that accelerate into a rapid trill, which typically rises in pitch.Шаблон:Sfn Though similar to the song of the field sparrow, it is higher-pitched and more "mechanical".Шаблон:Sfn The accelerating trill is said to sound like a dropped ping pong ball.Шаблон:Sfn

Females, youngsters, and nonbreeding males show few or no black markings on the head, chin and throat.

The combination of gray head and body is unique among New World sparrows.Шаблон:Sfn Though similar in plumage to the dark-eyed junco, the black-chinned sparrow is slimmer, and has a streaked back, brown edges to its wing feathers, and no white in its tail.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Range and habitat

The black-chinned sparrow breeds in the southwestern United States and throughout much of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is regularly found from northern California east to western Texas, and as far north as southern Nevada and Utah,Шаблон:Sfn and has occurred as a Шаблон:Birdgloss or occasional breeder in Oregon and Colorado.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn A species of arid and semi-arid places, it lives in chaparral, sagebrush, pine-juniper woodlands, and other brushy shrubland.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Much of its habitat is in remote, rugged, and rocky areas.Шаблон:Sfn It is significantly less common in edge habitat, and rare near the coast.Шаблон:Sfn It is found at elevations ranging from near sea level to Шаблон:Convert in the United States,Шаблон:Sfn and from Шаблон:Convert in Mexico.Шаблон:Sfn Some birds in Utah may move into desert ecotones as part of a post-breeding dispersalШаблон:Sfn and some northern populations move into Chihuahuan Desert scrub during the winter.Шаблон:Sfn Most northern populations move south – primarily into Mexico – during the winter; some move to lower elevations as well.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn During migration, it is sometimes recorded in montane oak forest, but not in mixed pine-oak forest.Шаблон:Sfn

Behavior

Small gray bird with a black-streaked brown back sitting atop a dense bush

Dense, brushy cover is preferred habitat.

Although the black-chinned sparrow appears to be relatively common where it occurs, it is an inconspicuous species that can be easy to overlook.Шаблон:Sfn In Mexico, it is generally found singly or in pairs, and only rarely in small groups.Шаблон:Sfn In the United States, it is sometimes found in small, loose groups, occasionally mingling with Brewer's or chipping sparrows.Шаблон:Sfn It flies close to the ground, with an undulating flight style.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Though the species often remains in deep cover, breeding males defy that more typical behavior and pick conspicuous, exposed perches from which to sing.Шаблон:Sfn

Feeding

The black-chinned sparrow forages on or near the ground, spending considerable time working in the same area.Шаблон:Sfn Though its diet is not well-known, it appears to feed primarily on seeds as a ground-gleaning granivore in the winter, and on insects as a ground-foraging omnivore in the summer.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn It occasionally captures insects in flight,Шаблон:Sfn and may feed on seeds while perched in a bush.Шаблон:Sfn It appears to obtain all of the moisture it needs from its food during the summer, but in the winter may travel a considerable distance to reach a water source.Шаблон:Sfn

Breeding

Much of the breeding ecology of the black-chinned sparrow is poorly known. It breeds primarily from late April into June,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn though active nests have been found as late as the middle of July.Шаблон:Sfn Males sing from open perches within their territory, which may encompass as much as Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Neighboring males often counter-sing, alternately responding to their singing rivals. They also aggressively chase each other.Шаблон:Sfn The nest is a shallow, open cup built of plant material, including grasses, weed stems, rootlets, or yucca fibers.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn This is lined with fibers or fine grasses, and occasionally with hair or feathers.Шаблон:Sfn It is located within Шаблон:Convert of the ground, typically at mid-level in a dense shrub.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The female does the bulk of the nest building, though the male may help.Шаблон:Sfn The nest is occasionally parasitized by cowbirds.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The female lays 2–5 very pale blue or bluish-green eggs.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn These are typically unmarked, though occasionally speckled with brown spots.Шаблон:Sfn Incubation takes roughly 13 days, and is done primarily (or possibly completely) by the female.Шаблон:Sfn The young are Шаблон:Birdgloss – featherless with eyes closed upon hatching.Шаблон:Sfn Both parents provide food for the nestlings and remove fecal sacs for the 11–13 days it takes for the young to fledge.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Adults continue to feed the fledglings for several weeks after they leave the nest.Шаблон:Sfn Most pairs raise a single brood per year,Шаблон:Sfn though there are records of a few pairs attempting multiple broods in southern California.Шаблон:Sfn Pairs stay together only for the length of breeding season.Шаблон:Sfn Nests suffer a high rate of failure; in one study in southern California, fewer than 30 percent of nesting attempts were successful.Шаблон:Sfn Most eggs and young are lost to predators.Шаблон:Sfn Garter snakes are known nest predators.Шаблон:Sfn Other suspected nest predators include western scrub jays, snakes, lizards, rodents, and ants.Шаблон:Sfn

Conservation and threats

The black-chinned sparrow is one of the species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.Шаблон:Sfn Its overall population has not been quantified, but its numbers are known to be decreasing.Шаблон:Sfn Estimates of its global population range from 450,000 to 1,100,000.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The North American Breeding Bird Survey shows that the black-chinned sparrow's numbers declined at an average rate of 5.1 percent annually between 1966 and 2003,Шаблон:Sfn while Partners in Flight reports that the sparrow's numbers dropped 62 percent between 1970 and 2014.Шаблон:Sfn However, it is known to be poorly sampled by breeding bird surveys in several states, including New Mexico and Texas.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn It is considered to be a "Bird of Conservation Concern" by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, the International Union for Conservation of Nature considers it to be a species of least concern, due to its substantial population and very large range.Шаблон:Sfn

The black-chinned sparrow is known to carry several blood parasites, including members of the genera Haemoproteus and Trypanosoma.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Specimens carrying West Nile virus have been found dead.Шаблон:Sfn Due to its avoidance of edge habitat, the black-chinned sparrow is vulnerable to habitat fragmentation.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Because of that vulnerability, it may be a useful species for indicating environmental changes.Шаблон:Sfn It may also be adversely affected by climate change; between 2000 and 2020, its breeding range shifted perceptibly northwards. The National Audubon Society predicts that by 2080, none of its current breeding range will still be in use. Its winter range is predicted to be more stable, with some 65 percent of the current area still in use by 2080, and the total area of wintering range in the United States potentially increasing.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikispecies

Black-chinned sparrow abundance map on eBird
Шаблон:VIREO
North American Breeding Bird Survey trend results for black-chinned sparrow
Songs and calls of the black-chinned sparrow at Cornell Lab of Ornithology's All About Birds

Шаблон:Taxonbar

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Английская Википедия:Black-chinned sparrow

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