Английская Википедия:Black conservatism in the United States
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Lead too short Шаблон:Conservatism US In the United States, black conservatism is a political and social movement rooted in African-American communities that aligns largely with the American conservative movement, including the Christian right.[1] Black conservatism emphasizes social conservatism, traditionalism, patriotism, capitalism, and free markets. What characterizes a "black conservative" has changed over time, and proponents do not necessarily share the same political philosophy.
Influential black conservatives in the early 21st century who have held public office include Senator Tim Scott, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, Virginia Lt. Gov. Winsome Sears, and Cabinet secretaries Ben Carson, Condoleezza Rice, and Colin Powell. Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Armstrong Williams, Larry Elder, Walter Williams, Jason L. Riley, and Candace Owens are among the most influential black conservative political commentators.[2]
Overview
Beliefs
One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above socioeconomic status and institutional racism. In the tradition of African American politics and intellectual life, black conservatives tend to side with Booker T. Washington as contrasted with W. E. B. Du Bois.[3] For many black conservatives, the key mission is to bring repair and success to the black community by applying the following fundamental principles:
- The pursuit of educational and professional excellence as a means of advancement within the society;
- Policies that promote safety and security in the community beyond the typical casting of a criminal as a "victim" of societal racism;
- Not using the lens of race and the country's history of discrimination as justifications for not excelling to the best of your abilities;
- Local economic development through free enterprise rather than looking to the federal government for assistance;
- Empowerment of the individual via self-improvement (virtue), conscience, and supernatural grace.[4]
Black conservatives typically oppose affirmative action and tend to argue that efforts to obtain reparations for slavery are either misguided or counter-productive. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of African-American culture that they believe have created poverty and dependency.[5]
Ebony in their May 2001 "100+ Most Influential Black Americans" issue, did not include a number of influential African Americans such as Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Armstrong Williams, Walter Williams and, most notably, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. The Economist described the exclusion of Justice Thomas from the list as spiteful.[6]
According to a 2004 study Шаблон:By whom, 14% of blacks identified as "Conservative" or "Extremely Conservative"with another 14% identifying as slightly conservative. However, the same study indicated that less than ten percent identified as Republican or Republican-leaning. [7]Шаблон:Dead linkШаблон:OR Likewise, a 2007 Pew Research Center survey showed that 19% of blacks identified as Religious Right.[8] In 2004, though, the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of blacks identified as Republican.[9]
A National Election Pool poll showed that support for California Proposition 8 (2008) (a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as an opposite-sex union) was strong among African-American voters; 70% of those interviewed in the exit poll—a higher percentage than any other racial group—stated that they voted in favor of Proposition 8.[10] Polls by both the Associated Press and CNN mirrored this data, reporting support among black voters to be at 70%[11] and 75%,[12] respectively. African-American support was considered crucial to the Proposition's passage because African Americans made up an unusually large percentage of voters in 2008; the presence of African-American presidential candidate Barack Obama on the ballot was believed to have increased African-American voter turnout.[13]
Historical basis
From Reconstruction up until the New Deal, the black population tended to vote Republican. During that period, the Republican Party—particularly in the Southern United States—was seen as more racially liberal than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the Southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of racial segregation and the Republican Party's roots in the abolitionist movement (see Dixiecrats).
Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt[14] and continued with the election of John F. Kennedy. Among Truman Administration officials, the publication of Henry Lee Moon's Balance of Power spurred Democratic partisan support for African-American constituencies.[15] This shift was also influenced by Herbert Hoover's practice of firing loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to Southern white voters.[16] This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the Southern Strategy.[17]Шаблон:Better source needed
Timeline of events
This is a timeline of significant events in African-American history that have shaped the conservative movement in the United States.
- 1950s
- 1954 – President Dwight Eisenhower appoints the following:
- Archie Alexander as Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands
- J. Ernest Wilkins Sr. as Undersecretary of Labor for International Labor Affairs
- E. Frederic Morrow as Administrative Officer for Special Projects
- 1960s
- 1970s
- 1975 – President Gerald Ford appoints the following:
- William T. Coleman as Secretary of Transportation
- James B. Parsons is named Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court in Chicago
- 1978 – Melvin H. Evans is elected to U.S. Congress (Virgin Islands)
- 1979 – Ethel D. Allen is appointed Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
- 1980s
- 1980 – NAACP President Benjamin Hooks is invited to address the Republican National Convention
- 1981 – President Ronald Reagan appoints the following:
- Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. as Chairman of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission
- Samuel Pierce as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
- 1982 – President Reagan appoints Clarence Thomas as Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
- 1985 – President Reagan appoints Alan Keyes the Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs.
- 1987 – President Reagan appoints Colin L. Powell the National Security Advisor.
- 1989 – President George H. W. Bush appoints the following:
- Louis Wade Sullivan as United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
- General Colin L. Powell as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
- Condoleezza Rice as Senior Director of the National Security Council for Soviet and East European Affairs
- Constance Berry Newman as Director of United States Office of Personnel Management
- Vernon Parker as Special Assistant to the President on the White House Staff
- 1990s
- 1990 – Arthur Fletcher is appointed as the Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights
- 1990 – President George H. W. Bush appoints George W. Haley chairman of the Postal Rate Commission
- 1990 – Gary Franks (CT) is elected to U.S. Congress
- 1991 – President George H. W. Bush appoints Clarence Thomas to U.S. Supreme Court
- 1993 – President George H. W. Bush appoints John W. Shannon as United States Under Secretary of the Army
- 1994 – Victoria Buckley elected as Secretary of State of Colorado
- Lonna Hooks appointed as Secretary of State of New Jersey
- 1994 – J. C. Watts (OK) elected to U.S. Congress
- 1998 – U.S. House of Representatives elects J. C. Watts (R-OK) to be Chairman of the House Republican Conference.
- DeForest Soaries appointed as Secretary of State of New Jersey
- 1998 – Ken Blackwell elected as the Ohio Secretary of State
- Joe Rogers elected as the Lieutenant Governor of Colorado
- 2000s
- 2001 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
- General Colin Powell as the United States Secretary of State
- Roderick R. Paige as the United States Secretary of Education
- Condoleezza Rice as Advisor of the National Security Council
- Alphonso Jackson as the Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
- Claude Allen as the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services
- Leo S. Mackay Jr. as the Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs
- Larry D. Thompson as the United States Deputy Attorney General
- Michael Powell as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
- Stephen A. Perry as Administrator of General Services Administration
- Kay Coles James as Director of United States Office of Personnel Management
- Charles E. James, Sr. as Director of Federal Contract Compliance
- Ruth A. Davis as Director General of the Foreign Service
- Reginald J. Brown as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
- Brigadier General Francis X. Taylor as Coordinator for Counterterrorism
- Eric M. Bost as Under Secretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services
- Brian C. Roseboro as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets
- Dr. Eric Motley as Deputy Associate Director, Office of Presidential Personnel
- Pierre-Richard Prosper as United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues
- Andrea Barthwell as deputy director for Demand Reduction at the Office of National Drug Control Policy
- Randy Daniels, Secretary of State of New York joins the GOP.
- 2002 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
- Major General Claude M. Bolton Jr. as United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology
- Lynn Swann as Chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
- Brigadier General Francis X. Taylor as Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security
- Ron Christie as Special Assistant to the President
- Michael Steele elected as Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
- Jennette Bradley elected as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio
- 2003 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
- Clark Ervin as Inspector General of the United States Department of Homeland Security
- Vernon Parker as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for Civil Rights
- 2004 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
- Alphonso Jackson as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
- Gerald A. Reynolds as Chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights
- Constance Berry Newman as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
- Brian C. Roseboro as Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance
- Randy Brock elected as Vermont Auditor of Accounts
- 2005 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
- Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State
- Claude Allen as Director of the Domestic Policy Council
- Admiral John O. Agwunobi as United States Assistant Secretary for Health
- Jendayi Frazer as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
- B. J. Penn as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installation and Environment)
- Jennette Bradley is appointed Ohio State Treasurer
- 2006 – President George W. Bush appoints the following:
- Lurita Doan as Administrator of the U.S. General Services Administration
- Ronald J. James as Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
- Naomi C. Earp as Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- 2009 – Michael Steele elected Chairman of the Republican National Committee
- 2010s
- 2010 – Tim Scott (SC) and Lt Col. Allen West (FL) elected to U.S. Congress
- 2011 – Herman Cain sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2012
- 2012 – Artur Davis, a former Democratic Party member of the United States House of Representatives joins the GOP.
- 2013 – Tim Scott (SC) is appointed to the U.S. Senate.
- Dwayne Sawyer is appointed as Indiana State Auditor
- 2014 – Mia Love (UT) and Will Hurd (TX) elected to U.S. Congress
- Boyd Rutherford is elected Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
- 2015 – Ben Carson sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2016
- Jenean Hampton is elected Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky
- 2016 – Curtis Hill is elected Indiana Attorney General
- Colin Powell receives three electoral votes for president from faithless electors
- 2017 – President Donald Trump appoints the following:
- Ben Carson as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
- Omarosa Manigault as Director of Communications for the Office of Public Liaison
- Jerome Adams as Surgeon General of the United States
- Naomi C. Earp as Agriculture Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights
- Alveda King as a member of the Frederick Douglass Bicentennial Commission
- Johnny C. Taylor Jr. as Chairman of the President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities
- Ja'Ron Smith as Director of Urban Affairs and Revitalization
- Charles E. James, Sr as Director of the Transport Department Office of Civil Rights
- Cyril Sartor as Director for African Affairs
- James E. Williams as Chief Financial Officer of Labor
- Brigadier General L. Eric Patterson as Director of Homeland Security's Federal Protective Service
- Jacquelyn Hayes-Byrd as Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Human Resources and Administration
- Dana W. White as Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs
- Andrew F. Knaggs as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Combating Terrorism
- Gary Washington as Member of the Board of Directors of the Commodity Credit Corporation
- 2018 – President Donald Trump appoints the following:
- 2019 – President Donald Trump appoints the following:
- Tamara Bonzanto as Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs (Accountability and Whistleblower Protection)
- Hannibal Ware as Inspector General of the Small Business Administration
- Michael Kubayanda as Commissioner of the Postal Regulatory Commission
- Rodney Hood as a Member of the National Credit Union Administration
- Daniel Cameron elected Kentucky Attorney General
- 2020s
- 2020 – Burgess Owens (UT) and Byron Donalds (FL)[19] elected to U.S. Congress
- 2021 – Winsome Sears is elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
- 2022 – Wesley Hunt (TX) and John James (MI) elected to U.S. Congress
African-American conservative politicians
Alabama
- Kenneth Paschal – Alabama State Representative (2021–present)[20]
- Juan Chastang – Mobile County Commissioner (2005–2008)[21]
Alaska
- Stanley Wright - Alaska State Assemblyman (2023-present)
- Sharon Jackson – Alaska State Assemblywoman (2018–2021)[22]
- David S. Wilson – Alaska State Senator (2017–present)
- Walt Furnace – Alaska State Assemblyman (1983–1991)
- Selwyn Carrol – Alaska State Assemblyman (1973–1975)
Arizona
- David Marshall – Arizona State Representative (2023-present)
- Jerone Davison – U.S. House candidate (2022) and Oakland Raiders football player
- Walter Blackman – Arizona State Representative (2019–2023) and U.S. House candidate (2022)
Arkansas
- Joseph K. Wood - Chairman of the Arkansas Republican Party (2023-present)
California
- Kevin Lincoln – Mayor of Stockton (2021-present)
- Larry Elder[23] – Governor of California nominee (2021)
- Rosey Grier – Governor of California candidate (2018) and New York Giants football player.
- Damon Dunn – California Secretary of State nominee (2010) and Dallas Cowboys football player
- H. Abram Wilson – Mayor of San Ramon (2002–2007)
- Ward Connerly – University of California Regent (1993–2005)
Connecticut
- Aundre Bumgardner – Connecticut State Representative (2015–2017)
- George Logan – Connecticut State Senator (2017–2021) and U.S. House nominee (2022)
Delaware
- Donald Blakey – Delaware State Representative (2007–2015)
Florida
- Renatha Francis – Justice of the Supreme Court of Florida (2022-present)
- Corey Simon – Florida State Senator (2022-present) and Indianapolis Colts football player.
- Berny Jacques - Florida State Representative (2022-present)
- Kiyan Michael - Florida State Representative (2022-present)
- Webster Barnaby – Florida State Representative (2021–present)
- Mike Hill – Florida State Representative (2019–2021 and 2013–2017)
- Peter Boulware – Florida House of Representatives nominee (2008) and Baltimore Ravens football player[24]
Georgia
- Mesha Mainor - Georgia State Representative (2021-present; elected as a Democrat, switched to Republican in July 2023)
- Herschel Walker – U.S. Senate nominee (2022) and Dallas Cowboys football player
- Larry Rivers – Commissioner of Chatham County (2021–2023) and Harlem Globetrotters basketballer
- Melvin Everson – Georgia State Representative (2005–2011)
- Willie Talton – Georgia State Representative (2005–2015)
- Harold Melton – Associate Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court (2005–2018) and Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court (2018–2021)
- Vernon Jones – Georgia State Representative (1993–2001 and 2017–2021; previously a Democrat, switched to Republican in January 2021)
Hawaii
- Kenji Price - United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii (2018-2021)
Illinois
- Richard Irvin – Mayor of Aurora (2017–present)
- Erika Harold – Illinois Attorney General nominee (2018), U.S. House candidate (2012/2014) and Miss America (2003)
- John D. Anthony – Illinois State Representative (2013–2016)
Indiana
- Roger Brown – Indianapolis City Councillor (1993-1997) and Indiana Pacers basketball player
Iowa
- Eddie Andrews – Iowa State Representative (2021–present)
Kansas
- Patrick Penn – Kansas State Representative (2021-present)
- Tony Barton – Kansas State Representative (2015–2017)
- Willie Dove – Kansas State Representative (2013–2021)
- George W. Haley Шаблон:Citation needed – Kansas State Senator (1964–1968)
- Edwin Sexton – Kansas State Senator (1964-1965)
Kentucky
- Daniel Cameron, former Kentucky attorney general and unsuccessful 2023 Republican gubernatorial nominee
- Donald Douglas – Kentucky State Senator (2021–present)
Louisiana
- Ezola Foster, conservative educator and Reform Party running mate of Pat Buchanan in the 2000 race against Al Gore and George W. Bush
- Elbert Guillory – Louisiana State Senator (2009–2015) and Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana candidate (2015 and 2023)
Maryland
- Brenda J. Thiam – Maryland State Delegate (2020–2023)
- Kimberly Klacik – U.S. House nominee (2020)
- Aris T. Allen – Maryland State Delegate (1991 and 1967–1974), Lieutenant Governor nominee (1978) and State Senator (1979–1982)
Massachusetts
- Frank Cousins – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1996) and Essex County Sheriff (1996–2018)
- Althea Garrison – Massachusetts State Representative (1993–1995)
Michigan
- Kurtis T. Wilder – Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (2017–2018)
- James Craig – Chief of the Detroit Police Department (2013-2021) and Gubernatorial candidate (2022)
- Paul H. Scott – Michigan State Representative (2009–2011)
- Larry DeShazor – Michigan State Representative (2009–2011)
- Robert P. Young Jr. – Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1999–2017) and Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (2011–2017)
- Bill Hardiman – Michigan State Senator (2003–2011), Mayor of Kentwood, Michigan (1992–2002) and U.S. House candidate (2010)
- Keith Butler – Detroit Councilman (1989–1993) and U.S. Senate candidate (2006)
- William Lucas – Wayne County Sheriff (1969–1982) and Governor of Michigan nominee (1986)
- John James - U.S. Representative, 10th district (2023-present)
Minnesota
- Walter Hudson – Minnesota State Representative (2023–present)
- Lisa Demuth – Minnesota State Representative (2019–present)
- Ray Pleasant – Minnesota State Representative (1973–1981)
Mississippi
- Rodney Hall - Mississippi State Representative-elect (2024-present)
- Angela McGlowan – Miss District of Columbia USA (1994) and U.S. House candidate (2010)
- Nic Lott – chairman for the Mississippi Young Republicans
- Yvonne Brown – Mayor of Tchula, Mississippi (2001–2009) and U.S. House nominee (2006)
- Charles Evers – Mayor of Fayette, Mississippi (1969–1981 and 1985–1989)
- Perry Howard - Member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from Holmes County, Mississippi (1872-1875)
- Perry Wilbon Howard II - Republican National Committeeman from Mississippi (1924-1960)
- Mary Booze - Republican National Committeewoman from Mississippi (1924-1955)
Missouri
- Justin Hicks - Missouri State Representative (2023-present)
- Shamed Dogan – Missouri State Representative (2015–2023)
- Neal E. Boyd – 2008 Winner of America's Got Talent and nominee/candidate for the Missouri House of Representatives (2012/2014)
- Sherman Parker – Missouri State Representative (2002–2008)
- Carson Ross – Missouri State Representative (1989–2002) and Mayor of Blue Springs, Missouri (2008–present)
Nebraska
- Dinah Abrahamson – Nebraska State Central Committeewoman (2005–2013)
Nevada
- Niger Innis – Director of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and U.S. House candidate (2014)
- Maurice Washington – Nevada State Senator (1994–2010)
- Lynette Boggs – Miss Oregon (1989), Las Vegas City Council (1999–2004), Clark County Commission (2004–2006) and U.S. House nominee (2002)
New Hampshire
- Jim Lawrence – New Hampshire State Representative (2004–2010) and U.S. House nominee (2016)
New Jersey
- Antwan McClellan – New Jersey State Assemblyman (2020–present)
- Garry Cobb – U.S. House nominee (2014) and Dallas Cowboys football player
- Bruce Harris – Mayor of Chatham Borough, New Jersey (2012–2019) and member of the New Jersey State Planning Commission (2020–present)[25]
- Martin G. Barnes – Mayor of Paterson, New Jersey (1997–2002)
- Thomas S. Smith – New Jersey State Assemblyman (1992–2002)
- Jim Usry – Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey (1984–1990)
- Matthew G. Carter Шаблон:Citation needed – Mayor of Montclair, New Jersey (1968–1972)
New Mexico
- Conrad James – New Mexico State Representative (2010–2012 and 2014–2016)
- Jane Powdrell-Culbert – New Mexico State Representative (2002–2022)
New York
- Mazi Melesa Pilip - Member of the Nassau County New York Legislature (2022-present)
- Joe Pinion - United States Senate nominee 2022
- Keith Wofford – Attorney General of New York nominee (2018)
- Michel Faulkner – U.S. House nominee (2010) and New York Jets football player
- Roy Innis – Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and a member of the National Rifle Association's governing board.[26][27]
- Myrtle Whitmore - Commissioner of the New York City Housing Authority (1996-1999)
- Richard E. Jackson – Commissioner of Motor Vehicles (1995–2000)
- Joseph Holland – Commissioner of Communities and Urban Renewal (1995-1997)
- James Garner – Mayor of Hempstead (1988–2005) and U.S. House nominee (2004)
North Carolina
- Ken Fontenot - North Carolina State Representative (2023-present)
- Thomas Stith III – Governor of North Carolina Pat McCrory's Chief of Staff (2013–2016)
- Dr. Ada Fisher – NC Republican National Committeewoman (2008–present) and U.S. House nominee (2006 and 2008)
- Mark Robinson - North Carolina Lieutenant Governor; gubernatorial candidate in 2024
Ohio
- Josh Williams - Ohio State Representative (2023-present)
- Michele Reynolds - Ohio State Senator (2023-present)
- Janet C. Howard - Ohio State Senator (1995-1998)
- Robert C. Henry– Mayor of Springfield, Ohio (1966–1968)
Oklahoma
- Marlon Coleman - Mayor of Muskogee (2020-present)
- T. W. Shannon – Oklahoma State Representative (2007–2015) and Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (2013–2014)
Oregon
- Jackie Winters – Oregon State Senator (2002–2019)
Pennsylvania
- Harry Lewis Jr. – Pennsylvania State Representative (2014–2018)
- Lynn Swann – Governor of Pennsylvania Nominee (2006) and Pittsburgh Steelers football player[28]
- Renee Amoore – Pennsylvania's Republican State Committeewoman (1992–2000)
South Carolina
- Mike Reichenbach - South Carolina State Senator (2022-present)
- Samuel Rivers Jr. – South Carolina State Representative (2012–2018)
- Tim Scott – U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator (2013-present). Scott was a candidate in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries.
South Dakota
- Tony Randolph – South Dakota State Representative (2018–present)
Texas
- Eric Johnson - Mayor of Dallas (2019-present; elected as a Democrat, switched to Republican in 2023)
- Charles Cunningham – Texas State Representative (2023–present)
- Anthony Williams - Mayor of Abilene (2017-2023)
- Scott Turner – Texas State Representative (2013–2017) and Denver Broncos football player
- Stefani Carter – Texas State Representative (2011–2015)
- James White – Texas State Representative (2011–2023)
- Michael L. Williams – Commissioner of the Texas Education Agency (2012–2015), Chairman of the Texas Railroad Commission (1999–2011) and U.S. House candidate (2012)
- Robin Armstrong – Vice Chairman of the Republican Party of Texas (2006–2010)
- Dale Wainwright – Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2003–2012)
- Wallace Jefferson – Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2001–2004) and Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court (2004–2013)
- Clay Smothers – Texas State Representative (1977–1981)
Utah
- Alvin B. Jackson – Utah State Senator (2013–2016)
- James Evans – Utah State Senator (2002–2004) and Chairman of the Utah Republican Party (2013–2017)
- Mia Love - U.S. Representative (2015-2019)
- Burgess Owens - U.S. Representative
Vermont
- Randy Brock - Vermont State Senator (2009-2013, 2017-present), Minority Leader of the Vermont Senate (2021-present), and Vermont Auditor of Accounts (2005-2007)
Virginia
- A.C Cordoza - Virginia State Delegate (2022-present)
- E. W. Jackson – Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Nominee (2013)
- Paul Clinton Harris – Virginia State Delegate (1998–2002)
- Winsome Sears, Lieutenant governor of Virginia, elected in 2021
- Noel C. Taylor Шаблон:Citation needed– Mayor of Roanoke, Virginia (1975–1992)
Washington
- Michael Ross Шаблон:Citation needed – Washington State Representative (1971–1973)
- Charles Stokes Шаблон:Citation needed– Washington State Representative (1951–1959)
West Virginia
- Caleb Hanna – West Virginia State Delegate (2018–present)
- Jill Upson – West Virginia State Delegate (2014–2018)
Wisconsin
- Julian Bradley – Wisconsin State Senate (2021–present)
Wyoming
- Lynn Hutchings – Wyoming State Representative (2012–2014) and Wyoming State Senator (2018–present)
Other people
United States judges
- Angela TuckerШаблон:Citation needed – Texas District Court Judge (2012–present)
- Ada E. Brown – United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.
- Clarence Thomas – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1991–present)
- David W. Williams – Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California (1969–2000)
- George C. Hanks Jr. – Justice on the Texas state First Court of Appeals (2010–2015) and Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (2015–present)
- Janice Rogers Brown – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California (1996–2005) and U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2005–2017)
- Jerome Holmes – United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
- Kevin A. Ross – Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court (1996–2005) and Judge on America's Court with Judge Ross (2010–present)
- Lynn TolerШаблон:Citation needed – Arbitrator on the court series Divorce Court (2001–present)[29]
- Sara J. HarperШаблон:Citation needed – Ohio Court of Appeals (1990–2003)
- Robert Heberton Terrell – Judge to the District of Columbia Municipal Court (1901–1924)
- Lisa Holder White - Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court (since 2022), Judge of the Illinois Fourth District Appellate Court (2013-2022), Trial Judge Illinois Sixth Judicial Circuit Court (2001-2013)
TV personalities, authors and journalists
- Amy Holmes – News anchor and political contributor on CNN[30]
- Armond White – Film critic for National Review and Out Magazine
- Armstrong Williams – Author of Beyond Blame and TV host of On Point[31]
- Brandon Tatum – Former police officer, commentator and professional speaker.
- Bill Cosby - Comedian, actor and media personality known for emphasizing Black self-reliance.
- Candace Owens – Writer and commentator
- Carol M. Swain – Television personality and professor of political science and law at Vanderbilt University
- Charles Payne – Fox News and Fox Business journalist
- CJ Pearson – Journalist
- C.L. Bryant – TV host
- Deneen Borelli – Author, columnist, and Fox News contributor
- Diamond and Silk (Lynnette Hardaway and Rochelle Richardson) – Live-stream video bloggers, political activists and Newsmax TV hosts
- George Schuyler – Journalist
- Philippa SchuylerШаблон:Citation needed – Pianist, author, journalist
- Hallie Quinn BrownШаблон:Citation needed – Author
- Harris Faulkner – Television host for Fox News
- James Golden – Producer for The Rush Limbaugh Show (under the alias "Bo Snerdley")
- Reverend Jesse Lee Peterson – President of the Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny[32]
- Jason Riley – Journalist
- Katrina Pierson – Tea Party activist, communications consultant and a regular CNN contributor
- Larry Elder – Author of 10 Things You Can't Say in America and radio host[33]
- Lawrence B. Jones – Radio host, contributor to Fox News, and author
- Lenny McAllister – Author of Diary of a Mad Black PYC (Proud Young Conservative) and radio talk-show host from WVON-AM Chicago[34]
- Lester Holt – News anchor at NBC News, a registered Republican since 2003[35]
- Michael KingШаблон:Citation needed – Emmy Award-winning television producer
- Michelle Bernard – Journalist
- Nannie Helen BurroughsШаблон:Citation needed – Author
- Paris Dennard – Commentator on CNN and NPR, and the Senior Director of Strategic Communications for the Thurgood Marshall College Fund
- Raynard Jackson – Columnist and TV political analyst
- Shelby Steele – Author
- Samantha Marika – Political commentator
- Tommy Sotomayor – Radio and internet talk show host, YouTube personality, men's rights activist and film producer[36]
- Tony Brown – Journalist and host of Tony Brown's Journal
- Zora Neale Hurston - Author, anthropologist and filmmaker
- Ben Kinchlow – Evangelist, television and radio personality
- Jason Whitlock – Sports Journalist, radio personality, commentator and writer.
- Lawrence Dennis – Mixed-race, diplomat, consultant, author
- Leo Terrell – civil rights attorney, talk radio host
- Tyrus (wrestler) – Professional wrestler, actor and Fox News commentator
- Kathy Barnette - Policy commentator and former political candidate
- Eboni K. Williams - Attorney and radio and TV personality
Military
- Lieutenant Colonel Frances Rice – Chairwoman of the National Black Republican Association
- Major General Mary J. Kight – Adjutant General of California (2010–2011)[37][38][39]
- Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré[40]
Columnists
- Deroy Murdock – National Review columnist
- Ken Hamblin – Denver Post columnist
- Robert A. George – Columnist for the New York Post
- Stephen L. Carter – Christianity Today columnist, author of The Culture of Disbelief
- Sophia A. Nelson – Chair of PoliticalIntersection.com and politicalintersection.blogspot.com
- Star Parker – President of the Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education, columnist and author
- Jason L. Riley — The Wall Street Journal
Athletes and entertainers
- Bryan ClayШаблон:Citation needed – Washington Times
- David Tyree – NFL Football player
- Don King – Boxing promoter
- Ernie Banks – MLB baseball player[41]
- Greg Anthony – NBA Basketball player
- Herschel Walker – NFL Football player
- Kevin and Keith Hodge – Prominent YouTube commentators, comedians, and trainers.
- James Brown – Musician. Openly endorsed Richard Nixon at the 1972 presidential election and named Strom Thurmond as one of his heroes during a 1999 interview with Rolling Stone.[42][43]
- Jimmie Walker – Actor
- Johnny MathisШаблон:Citation needed – Singer
- Joseph C. Phillips – Actor[44]
- Joy Villa – Singer. Promoted and supported Donald Trump's presidency in 2017.[45]
- Kanye West – Rapper and record producer. Endorsed Donald Trump subsequently to the 2016 presidential election. Met President Trump in the Oval Office on 11 October 2018. Independent candidate for President of the United States in 2020 and 2024.
- Karl Malone – Olympic Gold medallist and basketball player[46]
- Mike Jones – WWF wrestler
- Nolan Carroll – NFL Football player and son of Jennifer Carroll, Lieutenant Governor of Florida
- Pearl Bailey – Actress and singer
- Ronnie Lott – NFL Football player
- Stacey Dash – Actress
- Thurman Thomas – NFL Football player[47]
- Tony Dungy – NFL Football player and coach
- Wilt Chamberlain – NBA Basketball player
- Isaiah Washington – Actor
- Rosey Grier - Former football player, actor, singer, Protestant minister, he addressed the 1984 Republican National Convention and endorsed Ronald Reagan for reelection.
- Lionel Hampton - Musician, delegate to several Republican National Conventions, vice-president of the New York State Republican Committee.
Education and business
- Alveda King – Niece of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and senior fellow at the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution
- Arthur FletcherШаблон:Citation needed – Academic
- Booker T. Washington – Educator, author, orator, and adviser to several presidents of the United States
- Chris Darden – Attorney
- George Washington CarverШаблон:Citation needed – Agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion
- Glenn Loury – Academic, economist, and podcast host
- Herman Cain – Former CEO of Godfather's Pizza, talk show host, and one-time presidential candidate
- Jessie De PriestШаблон:Citation needed – Music teacher, wife of Congressman Oscar Stanton De Priest. Her presence at a White House tea given by Lou Henry Hoover on June 12, 1929, caused a scandal among southern Democrats
- Joshua I. Smith – Businessman
- Marvin ScottШаблон:Citation needed – Academic
- Michael Powell - Former Republican member of the Federal Communications Commission, current president National Cable and Telecommunications Association.
- Dr. Mildred Fay Jefferson – First African American to graduate from Harvard Medical School
- Samuel B. Fuller – Businessman
- Stephen N. Lackey – Businessman
- Thomas Sowell – American economist, social theorist, and senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.
- Vern S. Williams – Member of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel
- Walter Edward Williams – American economist, commentator, and academic
- Robert Oscar Lopez - Academic - mixed Latino and African ancestry
- Eunice Carter - Attorney. First African-American assistant district attorney in New York state.
- Robert Reed Church - Real estate investor and banker, he was a delegate for William McKinley at the 1900 Republican National Convention.
- Robert Church Jr - Businessman and Republican Party organizer in Memphis, Tennessee
- Mary Church Terrell - One of the first African-American women to receive a college degree, she was a journalist and educator. She was an active Republican, campaigning for Warren G. Harding in 1920.
- Angel Joy Chavis Rocker - Guidance counselor. She became the first African-American woman to seek the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2000.
- William Nickerson Jr. - Businessman and founder of Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company, in 1944, he was candidate for presidential elector from California on the Republican Dewey-Bricker ticket.
Civil rights, abolitionists and activists
- Eldridge Cleaver – Leader of the Black Panther Party who later became a Republican
- James Meredith – Civil rights campaigner, who served as domestic adviser to Jesse Helms
- James Weldon Johnson – Activist, served as treasurer of Colored Republican Club
- Scipio Africanus JonesШаблон:Citation needed – Activist
- Dr. T. R. M. Howard – Founder of Regional Council of Negro Leadership, surgeon, supporter of right to abortion, ally of Dwight Eisenhower. He opposed socialism and Communism.
- Bayard Rustin – Civil rights activist who became neoconservative in later life
- Michael the Black Man – Maurice Woodside, activist
- James David Manning – Pastor, ATLAH World Missionary Church, activist
- Bishop Eddie Long – Pastor, New Birth Missionary Baptist Church, activist
- Enrique Tarrio – Henry "Enrique" Tarrio, identifies as Afro-Cuban, activist
- Manning Johnson – Former Communist who became an anti-communist activist
- Darrell C. Scott – Pastor, activist
- Ali Alexander – Social media personality and activist, of African-American and Arab ancestry
- Archibald GrimkeШаблон:Citation needed – Civil rights activist
- Ezola Foster – Teacher, writer, political activist, and unsuccessful candidate for public office on the Republican and Reform Party tickets
- Roscoe Simmons – Orator, journalist, political activist, he was part of the "Old Guard" of Black Republicans in Tennessee. He attended three Republican National Conventions and seconded the nomination of Herbert Hoover in 1932.
- Maj Toure - activist and rapper, founder of Black Guns Matter
- Mark Burns (pastor) - televangelist, unsuccessful candidate for United States House of Representatives from South Carolina in 2018 and 2022.
- Ayaan Hirsi Ali - Somali-born Dutch-American activist associated with the conservative American Enterprise Institute and Hoover Institution, a former Muslim, she has spoken out against Islamic suppression of women and has criticized American feminists for their failure to speak out on this issue.
- H. K. Edgerton - African-American neoconfederate activist.
Organizations
- Congress of Racial Equality
- American Civil Rights Institute
- Project 21
- Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education
- National Black Republican Association
- BlexitШаблон:Citation needed
- Lincoln League
- Negro Republican Party
- Readjuster Party
- Black-and-tan faction
- Union League
See also
- Conservative Democrat
- Hip Hop Republican
- African Americans in the United States Congress
- List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States
- Hispanic and Latino Conservatism in the United States
- The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
- Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States
- Black Lies, White Lies
- List of African-American Republicans
- Black-owned businesses
- Ethnocultural politics in the United States
References
Further reading
- Blain, Charles J., Black Churches Can't Stand Strong If They Keep Democrats as Their Platform (2017)
- Conti, Joseph G & Brad Stetson, Challenging the Civil Rights Establishment: Profiles of a New Black Vanguard (1993)
- Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. Black Conservatism: Essays in Intellectual and Political History (1999)
- Farina, Stan, Brad Stetson & Joseph G. Conti, eds. Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America (1997)
- Lewis, Angela K., "Black conservatism in America," Journal of African American Studies, Vol 8, Issue 4, pp. 3–13 (2005)
- Ondaatje, Michael, Black Conservative Intellectuals in Modern America (2010)
External links
- Murray, Mark. "GOP diversity aims at a crucial Democratic bloc." NBC News. April 25, 2006.
- "The New Black Republicans." WBUR, Boston's NPR. June 2, 2004.
- Organizations
- Alliance of Black Republicans
- African American Republican Leadership Council
- Black Conservative Think Tank
- Black America's PAC
- Congress of Racial Equality
- American Civil Rights Institute
- New Coalition for Economic and Social Change
- National Black Republican Association
Шаблон:Conservatism footer Шаблон:African American topics
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America, (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board", NRAwinningteam.com. Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ , National Association [1]Шаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ General Russell Honore To Run Vs David Vitter In Louisiana US Race? Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Did you know Ernie Banks was a Republican? Шаблон:Webarchive. American Spectator. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Benjamin, Elizabeth (2010-09-16). NFLer: Carl's no racist Шаблон:Webarchive. Capitol Tonight. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
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