Английская Википедия:Blanche Baughan

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use New Zealand English Шаблон:Infobox writer Blanche Edith Baughan (16 January 1870 – 20 August 1958) was a New Zealand poet, writer, botanist and penal reformer.

Biography

Early life and education

Baughan was born in Putney, Surrey, England, on 16 January 1870, one of six children of John Baughan and Ruth Baughan (née Catterns).[1] Baughan attended Brighton High School for Girls.[2][3] In 1887 she began her studies at Royal Holloway College; she was one of 15 students who won an entrance scholarship of £50 a year.[2][3]Шаблон:Rp She studied for a London University degree graduating in 1891 with a BA Class 1 Honours in classics; it was the first First Class Honours degree awarded to Royal Holloway College and Baughan was one of the first women to attend the college.[1][3]Шаблон:Rp[4]

Family

Baughan’s mother Ruth was mentally ill and in 1878 Ruth and John divorced after living apart for two years.[3]Шаблон:Rp After the divorce John Baughan moved the family to Brighton where he died in 1880.[3]Шаблон:Rp Ruth lived in several different psychiatric hospitals or with relatives until her death in 1902.[3]Шаблон:Rp Sources about Baughan have conflicting accounts of her family and life during this period: some record Baughan as caring for her mother[1][5][6] however Baughan’s biographer Carol Markwell found no record of this.[3]Шаблон:Rp Similarly some sources assert that Ruth murdered John[5][6] but Markwell’s research found that he died of natural causes.[3]Шаблон:Rp

After John’s death the family of six children continued to live in Montpelier Rd, Brighton with the eldest daughter Kate as head of the household.[3]Шаблон:Rp One of her sisters Minnie worked in the Scottish Women's Hospitals in Serbia during World War I.[3]Шаблон:Rp[7][8]

After graduation

After graduation Baughan lived and worked in the Settlement Movement in Shoreditch and Hoxton in the East End of London. There she saw poverty, disease, unsafe working conditions and poor living standards.[3]Шаблон:Rp After this she did private tutoring.[1][3]Шаблон:Rp She was active in the suffrage movement,[1] having attended Royal Holloway College at the same time as suffragist Emily Davison.[3]Шаблон:Rp In 1894 Baughan visited Quebec and had a brief love affair but she did not progress the relationship; she had vowed not to marry as she thought married women had dull lives and she was concerned that her mother's mental illness might be hereditary.[3]Шаблон:Rp During this time she was writing poetry and her first volume was published in 1898.[1] She also began walking and hiking in the Lake District.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Life in New Zealand

In December 1899 Baughan left England on the steamship Ruahine arriving in Wellington in 1900.[3]Шаблон:Rp She took up a domestic job in Ormondville.[3]Шаблон:Rp In 1901–2 she travelled around the Pacific Islands and Australia, returning to England in 1902 to attend her sister's wedding; she was in England when her mother died.[3]Шаблон:Rp On her return to New Zealand that year she settled in Chorlton on Banks Peninsula where she became involved with the community.[3]Шаблон:Rp In 1904 she travelled to Africa where she visited the Victoria Falls.[3]Шаблон:Rp She later wrote an article about the Falls in the Lyttleton Times.[9] She made her last visit to England in 1906.[3]Шаблон:Rp In 1910 after some ill health she moved to Clifton in Sumner and finally to Akaroa in 1930.[1] She became part of the literary community making friends with other writers such as Jessie Mackay, Johannes Carl Andersen, James Cowan and the Australian A.G. Stephens.[3]Шаблон:Rp Baughan, Jessie Mackay and another writer Mary Colborne-Veel founded the Canterbury Women's Club in 1913 to learn about topics of interest in the wider world such as social work, education, the arts and current events.[3][10][11]

Baughan was a lover of the natural world.[1] She called herself "a nature mystic".[3]Шаблон:Rp With her love of hiking and mountaineering, which had begun in England, she explored many parts of the country, writing about them in her travel essays. She collected plant specimens from the Westland side of the Copland Pass and a species of Ranunculus Ranunculus Baughani was named after her.[1][3]Шаблон:Rp[12] In 1914, recognising that forest habitats and birds were being threatened, she joined conservationist Harry Ell and botanist Leonard Cockayne as founding members of the New Zealand Forest and Bird Protection Society; the society foundered during World War I but was succeeded by the Forest and Bird Society.[4][3]Шаблон:Rp

She was interested in spirituality, mysticism and the natural world and immersed herself in Hindu Vedanta philosophy. In 1914–1915 she travelled to America where she was able to visit the Vedanta temple in San Francisco and make contact with some swamis, with whom she later corresponded.[1][3]Шаблон:Rp[11] With her humanitarian and spiritual beliefs she supported conscientious objection during World War I.[3]Шаблон:Rp[8] Her association with that cause, support for conscientious objector Archibald Baxter and the fact that she spoke German put her under some scrutiny at that time.[3]Шаблон:Rp

In 1936, Baughan was elected unopposed as a member of the Akaroa Borough Council,[13] in a by-election following the resignation of William Hoffman.[14] She was the first woman elected to the council,[15] and stood for office following a dispute with the council over the state of the road outside her house.[16][17] She did not seek re-election in 1938.[18]

Baughan died in Akaroa in 1958.[1]

Writing

Файл:MA I112457 TePapa Ranunculus-x-baughanii full (cropped).jpg
Specimen of Ranunculus Baughani collected by Baughan and identified by Donald Petrie, 1913

Baughan's first volume of poetry, Verses (1898), was published before she arrived in New Zealand.[11] It was well-received by reviewers.[3]Шаблон:Rp Her second volume Reuben and Other Poems was published in 1903, and her third, Shingle-short and Other Verses, was published in 1908.[19][20][21] Some of the poems in Reuben and Other Poems were written in England and have English subjects while others were written in New Zealand.[3]Шаблон:Rp Because many publishers were prejudiced against women authors she published under the name B.E. Baughan so as not to reveal her gender.[3]Шаблон:Rp[6] Reviewers of her first three volumes of poetry assumed they were written by a man but her identity was revealed in 1909.[11] In 1912 she published a volume of prose sketches of colonial life, titled Brown Bread from a Colonial Oven.[22] It was Baughan's only published work of fiction and much of it is about life on Banks Peninsula; many of the stories had been previously published in magazines or newspapers.[3]Шаблон:Rp In the years just before World War I she felt her poetry writing talent was diminishing.[1][3]Шаблон:Rp[11] She published one more book of poetry Poems from the Port Hills in 1923.[23]

Baughan wrote for periodicals in New Zealand, Australia and Britain, including The Spectator which paid her for her essays and poems.[3]Шаблон:Rp[11] As a result of her walking and mountaineering she established herself as travel writer and her article about the Milford Track, "The Finest Walk in the World", was published in The Spectator in 1909.[11] Her first book of essays was published in 1916 and reprinted in 1922 as Glimpses of New Zealand Scenery.[1][24] Whitcombe and Tombs published a number of her essays as books and booklets including ones on Arthur's Pass and the Otira Gorge in 1925 and on Mt Egmont in 1929.[3]Шаблон:Rp[6]

In the last decades of her life Baughan worked on her only novel Two New Zealand Roses. It was never published and is considered to be strongly autobiographical.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Prison reform

As a result of her spiritual beliefs, being able to live on private means and her experience of social work in London, Baughan was committed to, and campaigned for, civil liberty and prison reform.[1] She was a prison visitor at the Addington Reformatory where she met convicted murderer Alice Parkinson, joining the campaign for Parkinson's welfare and release.[3]Шаблон:Rp To gain an insight into the prison system she also took a job at Point Halswell prison in Wellington.[3]Шаблон:Rp An article in The Spectator prompted her, with her friend Berta Burns, to found the first branch of the Howard League for Penal Reform outside Britain in 1924.[1][3]Шаблон:Rp[11] She believed in reform not only of prisoners but of prisons and the justice system, called for an end to the death penalty and flogging of prisoners, and offered shelter and assistance to released prisoners.[11][3]Шаблон:Rp She proposed that prisoners suggest reforms to the system and that psychologists and trained staff be employed in prisons.[6][11] Using her writing talent Baughan penned many letters and articles in newspapers and gave lectures on prison reform.[3]Шаблон:Rp In 1936, assisted by another penal reformer Frederick de la Mare and printed by Bob Lowry, she published the book People in Prison using the pseudonym 'TIS'. While it was controversial at the time it was far-sighted in advocating for probation, probation officers and treatment of prisoners' alcohol and mental health problems.[1][3]Шаблон:Rp[11][25]

Awards

In 1935, she was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal for her contribution to social services.[1][26]

Selected works

Travel writing

  • The Victoria Falls (1907) – published in the Lyttleton Times
  • The Finest Walk in the World (1909) – first published in The Spectator
  • Snow Kings of the Southern Alps (1910)
  • Uncanny Country (1911)
  • Forest and Ice (1913)
  • A River of Pictures and Peace (1913)
  • The Summit Road: its scenery, botany and geology (1914) – written with Leonard Cockayne and Robert Speight
Файл:Brown Bread from a Colonial Oven-Baughan (1912) - frontispiece.png
Frontispiece from Brown Bread from a Colonial Oven, illustration by Dagmar Huie

Other non-fiction

Poetry

  • Verses (1898)
  • Reuben and Other Poems (1903)
  • Shingle-short and Other Verses (1908)
  • Poems from the Port Hills (1923)

Fiction

  • Brown Bread from a Colonial Oven: being sketches of up-country life in New Zealand (1912)

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 Шаблон:DNZB
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 3,14 3,15 3,16 3,17 3,18 3,19 3,20 3,21 3,22 3,23 3,24 3,25 3,26 3,27 3,28 3,29 3,30 3,31 3,32 3,33 3,34 3,35 3,36 3,37 3,38 3,39 3,40 3,41 3,42 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,00 11,01 11,02 11,03 11,04 11,05 11,06 11,07 11,08 11,09 11,10 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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