Английская Википедия:Bodaruwitj

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Australian English The Bodaruwitj, also rendered Bedaruwidj or Potaruwutj, and referred to in some early sources as the Tatiara,Шаблон:Sfn are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of South Australia. David Horton believed they were the group his sources referred to as the Bindjali people.Шаблон:Sfn Austlang refers to Bindjali / Bodaruwitj as alternative names for the same language.Шаблон:Sfn

Name

Potaruwutj is an autonym, meaning in their language, "wandering" (-wutj is a suffix meaning "man"), referring to their continuous shifting of their campsites throughout the mallee scrubland.Шаблон:Sfn

Language

Шаблон:Further The name of their language, or of the version spoken around the Padthaway district, was Yaran, though it is also now known as Bindjali.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn William Haynes, an earlier resident of the area, provided E.M.Curr with two distinct vocabularies of the area, which he designated as that of the Tatiara.Шаблон:Sfn Norman Tindale compiled a word-list relying on information supplied to him by Milerum, whose mother Lakwunami was a Potaruwutj from the Keilira region.Шаблон:Sfn R.M: Dixon managed to elicit a vocabulary of Bindjali from a Bordertown informant, Bertie Pinkie, as late as 1973.Шаблон:Sfn In his classification, Polinjunga, one of the alternative names for the Bodaruwitj, or a clan name of the same, is listed as a dialect of the Bungandidj-Kuurn Kopan Noot subgroup of the Kulinic languages.Шаблон:Sfn

Country

Relying on two informants, Clarence Long (Milerum) and Alf Watson,Шаблон:Sfn Tindale estimated that the Potaruwutj's lands covered Шаблон:Convert, extending westwards from Naracoorte down to within the third inland dune range of the Coorong area, some 10 miles from the coastline. The northern reaches touched Tatiara. It included Bordertown, Wirrega, and Keith.Шаблон:Sfn

Ecologically, Potaruwutj territory was less fertile and suffered from lower rainfall than neighbouring areas.Шаблон:Sfn The Ngarkat foraged to their north, with the Potaruwutj also present south of the main belt of mallee where the Ngarkat predominated. Like the Tanganekald and Jarildekald, the Potaruwutj marked out their territory with stones or cairns.Шаблон:Sfn The Potaruwutj clans, following a usage shared by these two tribes, named the major features of their territory by a name that referred to a distinctive characteristic of the zone, suffixed with a word like -injeri (belonging to) or -orn (an abbreviation of the word for "man"] attached to denote the area possessed. The suffix -injeri had the meaning of "belonging to" while -orn is said to be a contraction of korn meaning man or person,Шаблон:Sfn

Social organisation

According to William Haynes, writing about the Tatiara in 1887, their numbers were thought to have amounted to some 500 at the beginning of white settlement, but only scattered remnants of the several distinct groups had survived within a few decades,Шаблон:Sfn and knowledge of them is fragmentary. At least five clans are known to have constituted the Potaruwutj group:

They practised neither circumcision nor ritual avulsion of the front teeth.Шаблон:Sfn

History of contact

According to material gathered by Ronald and Catherine Berndt, as large number of Tatiara were killed at Piwingang near Tailem Bend after the former in a raid on a Ngarrindjeri camp. The affected group had too few warriors to retaliate and went south to organise a retaliatory hunt among several different groups. The large band of warriors managed to track the Tatiara down at Piwingang and only few survived the onslaught. Notwithstanding traditions that the Tatiara and Yaraldi did not intermarry, records indicate that intermarriage did take place between them and the Yaraldi Piltindjeri clan.Шаблон:Sfn

A Scottish businessman and immigrant, Robert Lawson, established a pastoral station on Bodaruwitj territory near Padthaway, and in later reports called the Indigenous people of that district the Coolucooluck, but also Padthaway. He defined these Coolucooluck as denizens of the area between Salt Creek, Galt's Station and Padthaway.Шаблон:Sfn

Culture

The Bodaruwitj (Tatiara) men had a repute among other tribes, including the Yaraldi, for being well-endowed and having strong sexual appetites, just as native outsiders attributed to their women large labia majora.Шаблон:Sfn Some of this is reflected in a number of recorded songs.

The pelekaw song form is one in southeastern South Australia that makes a defiant accusation in the expectation it will be challenged. One notable case concerned the rules of exogamous exchange regarding women. A dispute with the Coorong lagoon Tanganekeld, whom the Potaruwutj called Tenggi, arose when the Tatiara Wepulprap clan of the Potaruwutj suspected the women they gave to the former were maltreated and subject to the sorcery of lethal bone-pointing. The reality was one of resentment over a perceived break-down in one-on-one exchanges arising from women being sent to the wrong, rather than the right, clan they were contracted to marry into.

A Potaruwutj big man with a repute for powerful magic, Dongaganinj,Шаблон:Efn composed a pelekaw refrain which articulated these feelings of grievance. Шаблон:Poemquote

The neighbouring Meintangk, who sided with the Tanganekeld, on hearing this rude insinuation, composed a slanderous weritjinj variant on the pelekaw song which both slandered the Potaruwutj and challenged them to battle at the traditional combat grounds at Nunukapul (Telauri Flat) near Marcollat station.Шаблон:Efn This song, chanted while men danced imitating their enemies coupling with dogs, rang: Шаблон:Poemquote

A resolutive battle was arranged, and seven warriors were left dead on the Nunukapul field.

The Tanganekeld then took up the challenges, and composed a song: Шаблон:Poemquote

Weritjamini was another influential Potaruwutj headman, associated with Dongaganinj. In this region's lore, the spirit, powoqko, was, on death, believed to travel northwest and cross over the sea to dwell on the island of Karta, and the implications of the original language were so abusive that the two groups would not intermarry for another two generations.Шаблон:Sfn

Alternative names

Шаблон:Colbegin

  • Bindjali
  • Bunyalli
  • Cangarabaluk
  • CoolucoolukШаблон:Sfn
  • Dadiera
  • Djadjala
  • Jaran (language name)
  • Kangarabalak (of the Tanganekald, kangara meant "east"+balak, "people.")
  • Padthaway tribeШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Polenjunga
  • Polinjunga
  • Potangola
  • Potaruwutj/Potaruwutji
  • Tatiara (toponym)Шаблон:Efn
  • Tattayarra, Tatiarra
  • Tyattyalla
  • Tyatyalli
  • Tyedduwurrung
  • Tyeddyuwurru
  • Wepulprap.(an exonym meaning "southern people" in Tanganekald)
  • Wereka
  • Wereka-tyalli
  • Werekarait
  • Wergaia
  • Wimmera
  • Wirigirek (a northern horde; Wirrega, a place name)
  • WirregaШаблон:Sfn
  • Woychibirik
  • Wra-gar-ite (see Marditjali)
  • Yaran

Шаблон:Colend

Some words

Шаблон:Colbegin

Шаблон:Colend

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Aboriginal South Australians Шаблон:Authority control

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