Английская Википедия:Bogie exchange

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Sidebar track gauge

Файл:Ramsey transfer.jpg
A drawing of the Ramsey car-transfer apparatus from the patent application

Bogie exchange is a system for operating railway wagons on two or more gauges to overcome difference in the track gauge. To perform a bogie exchange, a car is converted from one gauge to another by removing the bogies or trucks (the chassis containing the wheels and axles of the car), and installing a new bogie with differently spaced wheels. It is generally limited to wagons and carriages, though the bogies on diesel locomotives can be exchanged if enough time is available.

Файл:Bogies-exchange.jpg
Bogies exchange operation in Ussuriisk (near Vladivostok) at the Chinese–Russian border
Файл:Bogie change station at Chop station Ukraine.jpg
Bogie change station at Chop railway station in Ukraine, which connects to Hungary and Slovakia

Wagons and carriages

Bogie wagons can have their gauge changed by lifting them off one set of bogies and putting them back down again on another set of bogies. The pin that centres the bogies and the hoses and fittings for the brakes must be compatible. A generous supply of bogies of each gauge is needed to accommodate the ebb and flow of traffic. The bogies and wagons also need to have standardized hooks, etc., where they may be efficiently lifted. The two wheel sets on four-wheel wagons can be changed as well if the wagon has been designed accordingly.

Engines

Steam

Steam locomotives can be designed for more than one gauge, by having, for example, reversible wheel hubs that suit two alternative gauges. This was done in the 1930s and beyond in Victoria for possible gauge conversion, though no engines were ever converted in this manner other than one heritage engine (R766). Some Шаблон:RailGauge Garratt locomotives of East Africa were designed for easy conversion to Шаблон:RailGauge gauge, though again none ever was.

In 1944, the LMS re-gauged a pair of "Jinty" 0-6-0 tank locomotives – originally built to UK Шаблон:RailGauge – for use on its Шаблон:RailGauge gauge Northern Counties Committee (NCC) lines in Northern Ireland; re-designated as Class Y, they largely undertook shunting work on dockyard lines in Belfast. The re-gauging was performed by simply reversing the wheel centres so that the spokes dished outwards.

In the southern United States, some steam locomotives built by Baldwin were designed for easy conversion from Шаблон:RailGauge to Шаблон:RailGauge.

Diesel

Diesel locomotives have bogies like wagons and carriages, only with more cables for the traction motors and take a little longer to convert. In Australia, some classes of diesel locomotives are regularly gauge-convertedШаблон:Citation needed to suit traffic requirements on the Шаблон:RailGauge, Шаблон:RailGauge, and Шаблон:RailGauge networks.

Since the Шаблон:RailGauge networks are not all connected to each other, being separated by deserts or lines of other gauges, they are bogie-exchanged or piggybacked on road or rail vehicles when transferred between these networks.

Raising or lowering

Raise

The simplest way to carry out bogie exchange is to lift the wagons off the bogies and replace them back on new bogies. This may require the wagons in a train to be uncoupled, and continuous brakes disconnected. If the wagons are swung out of the way by an overhead hoist, they may sway, which wastes time settling them down.

The Nutter hoist, patented in 1871, used screw jacks to lift cars off of their bogies.[1] The Imboden railway-car lifter, from 1875, used a steam cylinder to wedge the car into the air.[2]

Lower

Another way of carrying out bogie exchange is to lower the bogies onto a trolley in a pit, after which the trolleys are rolled out of the way and others return. This may allow the train couplings and continuous brakes to remain connected. In addition, the bogies never need leave a solid surface, so they can be wheeled in and out more quickly. This method was used at Dry Creek railway station, Adelaide.[3]

Charles Tisdale patented a system of ramps and moving supports for lowering the trucks out from under a railroad car in 1873.[4] George Atkinson patented a hoist and transfer table arrangement in 1882; this dropped the bogies from under a car and shift them to the side.[5] Ramsay's apparatus patented in 1884 used hydraulic jacks to support the car while lowering the track with the bogies out from under it.[6]

National

Australia

Between 1961 and 1995, Australia had five bogie exchange centres, which opened and closed as gauge conversion work proceeded. The gauges served were Шаблон:RailGauge and Шаблон:RailGauge, though the Шаблон:RailGauge Queensland did acquire 100 bogie-exchange compatible QLX wagons just in case. All the wagons involved had wagon codes ending in "X", such as VLX.

The centres were:

The busiest facility was that at Dynon, in a typical year (1981–82), 24,110 wagons were bogie exchanged, an average of 66 per day. This was done by one shift of 18 men, compared with the 100 men required if the same amount of freight were transferred wagon to wagon.[11]

Belarus

Файл:Gauge changing in Brest, Belarus 08.jpg
Bogie exchange in Brest

Bolivia

Bogie exchange was used between Шаблон:RailGauge and Шаблон:RailGauge gauge on the Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia Railway.

Canada

China

A bogie exchange station exists at the Chinese border to Mongolia. Both the Moscow-Beijing passenger train (Trans-Siberian) and freight trains get their bogies exchanged. Mongolia has Шаблон:RailGauge, China has Шаблон:RailGauge. Also, a bogie exchange station was placed farther east at the Russian–Chinese border crossing at Zabaykalsk/Manzhouli. Also, China and ex-soviet countries use the different type coupler (Janney and SA-3). An adapter may be used.[12]

Finland

A bogie exchange station exists in the Port of Turku with a short stretch of Шаблон:RailGauge gauge railway. Freight cars get their bogies exchanged. SeaRail train ferries go from Germany and Sweden. They carry no passenger trains, and passengers must walk to Turku Harbour railway station opposite the ferry terminals. Finland has Шаблон:RailGauge broad gauge.

Germany

In 1898 Emil Breidsprecher, a director of the Marienburg–Mława railway and a future professor at the Königliche Technische Hochschule zu Danzig,[13] invented a system that allowed to change wheelsets in wagons that travelled across a break of gauge, without the need to unload them first. In September 1901 a facility was installed at the then German-Russian border at Iłowo.[14] The system was used until 1914 on some railway border crossings between Russia and states using standard gauge;[15] known locations, in addition to Iłowo, are Łódź (then an industrial centre served by both standard and broad gauge railway lines) and Novoselytsia (then Austrian-Russian border), there were also some small installations to meet local demand. As of 1938, the sole facility operated at Zdolbuniv at the then Polish-Soviet border.[16]

A bogie exchange station in the port of Mukran serves train ferries that go to and from Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania, which have Шаблон:RailGauge broad gauge.

Iran

Kazakhstan

Moldova

North Korea

The bogies of the direct sleeping car Moscow – Pyongyang, which runs twice monthly, are exchanged there.[17]

Peru

Romania

Russia

Spain

Файл:05 052a Bf Irún, RENFE-Bmp, SNCF-Bc.jpg
A Paris–Algeciras through coach (at right) being shunted for bogie exchange at Irun railway station, Spain, 1993

Tunisia

Ukraine

United States

Файл:Burlington and Western crossing Dry Branch Creek.jpg
A Burlington and Western train in 1898. Two standard-gauge cars riding on narrow-gauge trucks head the train.

Transfer time

Bogie exchange conversion times were:

Variable gauge axles

Variable-gauge axles in an automatic track gauge changeover system (ATGCS) is a newer development and is faster than bogie exchange. The SUW 2000 ATGCS requires a changeover track about Шаблон:Convert long, with a shed if snow is around compared to a small marshalling yard required by bogie exchange.

Axle exchange

An alternative to variable gauge axles and bogie exchange is wheelset exchange.

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Navbox track gauge

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Разное

  1. ↑ Grafton T. Nutter, Improvement in Apparatus for Lifting Locomotives, Trucks, and Railroad Cars, Шаблон:US patent, issued May 2, 1871.
  2. ↑ John D. Imboden, Improvement in Railway-Car Lifters, Шаблон:US patent, issued Sept. 25, 1875.
  3. ↑ Catch Point - November 2007 - p35 - picture of lowering method
  4. ↑ Charles D. Tisdale, Improvement in Connecting and Disconnecting Car-Bodies and Trucks, Шаблон:US patent, issued June 10, 1873.
  5. ↑ George W. Atkinson, Apparatus for Changing Car-Trucks, Шаблон:US patent, issued Oct. 3, 1882.
  6. ↑ Robert H. Ramsey, Car and Freight Transfer Apparatus, Шаблон:US patent, issued Sept. 2, 1884.
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite patent
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Trains (magazine), March 2009, p68
  19. ↑ Сахалинская узкоколейная железная дорога (The narrow-gauge railways of Sakhalin) Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 Minner v. Sedalia, W. & S. W. Ry. Co., The South Western Reporter Vol. 66, West, 1902; pages 1072-1079. For B&NW and D&RGW practice, see page 1075.
  21. ↑ Frank S. Bond, A Southern Pacific Railroad, in Southwestern Pacific Railroad, [1], C. E. Ware & Co., 1875; pages 17-20, see page 18 for truck exchange.
  22. ↑ Kenneth C. Springirth, East Broad Top Railroad, Arcadia, Charleston SC, 2008; page 28.
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 The Urbana Hoist, American Railroad Journal, Vol. XXXIII, No. 1 (Jan. 6, 1877); page 30.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Edward Vernon, The Decline in Railroad Construction, Editorial, American Railroad Manual New York, 1874; page li.
  26. ↑ Paul Selev, Our Next-Door Neighbor, The Inland Printer, Vol. VII, No. 7 (April, 1890); page 651.
  27. ↑ T.M.R. Talcott, Improvements at North Danville, General Manager's Report, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Stockholders of the Virginia Midland Railway Company, Alexandria, 1882; page 58.
  28. ↑ Titus v. Bradford, Bordell & Kinzua Railroad Company, Lancaster Law Review, Vol. VIII No. 12 (Feb. 16, 1891); pages 93-95.
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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