Английская Википедия:Bohemond IV of Antioch

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox royalty Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed (Шаблон:Lang-fr; Шаблон:Circa 1175–1233), was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233, and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233. He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch. The dying Raymond III of Tripoli offered his county to Bohemond's elder brother, Raymond, but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187. Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquered the county, save for the capital and two fortresses, in summer 1188.

Raymond died in early 1197, leaving a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen. Raymond-Roupen's mother, Alice, was the niece of Leo I of Cilicia who persuaded the Antiochene noblemen to acknowledge Raymond-Roupen's right to succeed his grandfather. However, the Latin and Greek burghers proclaimed Bohemond heir to his father. After his father died in April 1201, Bohemond seized Antioch with the support of the burghers, the Knights Templar and Hospitallers, and the Italian merchants.

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Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, and Kaykaus I, the Seljuq sultan of Rum, who often invaded Cilicia during the following years, to prevent Leo I from attacking Antioch. Conflicts between Bohemond and the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond-Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216, but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219. After Leo I's death, Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son, Philip, but Constantine of Baberon, who had administered Cilicia during the previous years, imprisoned Philip in 1224. Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I, sultan of Rum, but he could not prevent Philip's murder in 1225.

Early life

Bohemond was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch by his first wife, Orgueilleuse of Harenc.Шаблон:Sfn He was born around 1175. His mother was last mentioned in a charter issued in 1175.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond's widowed father married a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, Theodora, but he repudiated her shortly after Manuel's death in 1180.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He married Sybil, an Antiochene noblewoman, described as a prostitute or sorcerer by 12th-century authors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was a spy of Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria.Шаблон:Sfn Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, excommunicated Bohemond's father for his third marriage.Шаблон:Sfn

Reign

Count of Tripoli

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The crusader states around 1190

The childless Raymond III of Tripoli decided to bequeath his county to his godson, Raymond, who was Bohemond's elder brother.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli, because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The dying count, who was a member of the House of Toulouse, also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse, Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him.Шаблон:Sfn Raymond died in late 1187.Шаблон:Sfn Charters issued during the first years of Bohemond's rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while.Шаблон:Sfn

After Saladin conquered almost the whole Kingdom of Jerusalem in the second half of 1187, Queen Sibylla sought shelter in Tripoli, which became a center of her supporters.Шаблон:Sfn The noblemen who condemned her husband, Guy of Lusignan, for the fall of the kingdom, joined Conrad of Montferrat at Tyros.Шаблон:Sfn Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria.Шаблон:Sfn He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188, but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala (present-day Tartus and Jableh in Syria) in July, only Tripoli, Krak des Chevaliers, and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county.Шаблон:Sfn

Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Guy, Sybilla, and their supporters left Tripoli and laid siege to Acre in August 1189.Шаблон:Sfn The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive.Шаблон:Sfn Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade, but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192.Шаблон:Sfn Taking advantage of the crusade, Bohemond's father made a ten-year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Bohemond's stepmother, Sybil, wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son, William.Шаблон:Sfn Leo, Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn With her assistance, he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him, but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town.Шаблон:Sfn The commune proclaimed Bohemond III's elder son, Raymond, regent.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother, compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia.Шаблон:Sfn Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia.Шаблон:Sfn

Raymond died in early 1197.Шаблон:Sfn His widow, Alice, was Leo of Cilicia's niece and heir.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond III sent Alice and her posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen, to Leo, implying that he wanted to disinherit his grandson.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Leo of Cilicia persuaded the papal legate, Conrad of Wittelsbach, Archbishop of Mainz, to visit Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn On the archbishop's demand, Bohemond III declared Raymond-Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy.Шаблон:Sfn Raymond-Roupen was the only son of the first-born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture, but Bohemond was Bohemond III's closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood.Шаблон:Sfn

In early 1198, Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants, promising new grants to them.Шаблон:Sfn The commune also acknowledged his claim to rule, because the burghers feared that the Armenians' influence would increase if Raymond-Roupen succeeded his grandfather.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond returned to Tripoli shortly after his claim was confirmed, because Leo of Cilicia broke into the principality to restore Bohemond III.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond styled himself "son of Prince Bohemond of Antioch and by the grace of God count of Tripoli" to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn

War of Succession

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Coat of arms of Poitiers of Antioch

Bohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201.Шаблон:Sfn The commune confirmed his right to rule.Шаблон:Sfn The military orders also supported him, but the noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia.Шаблон:Sfn Leo of Cilicia besieged Antioch to assert Raymond-Roupen's claim.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, and Kaykaus I, the Seljuq sultan of Rum, who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond, promising to unite the Armenian Church with Rome.Шаблон:Sfn Pope Innocent III sent Cardinal Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate, stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers.Шаблон:Sfn Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers, but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement, because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1203, Renoart of Nephin, Bohemond's vassal, married Isabel the heiress of Gibelcar, without his authorization.Шаблон:Sfn The High Court of Tripoli ordered the confiscation of Renoart's fiefs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, he decided to resist and gained the support of Leo and Aimery, the king of Cyprus and Jerusalem.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond traveled to Acre in summer 1204 to meet Marie of Champagne.Шаблон:Sfn Her husband, Baldwin I, had been recently crowned emperor in Constantinople.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He did homage to her, acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin emperors over Antioch.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia, but she died in August.Шаблон:Sfn

Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town.Шаблон:Sfn He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery died in April 1205.Шаблон:Sfn He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year, forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus.Шаблон:Sfn Before long, Bohemond returned to Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn

Bohemond had already been on bad terms with the Latin patriarch of Antioch, Peter of Angoulême.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Taking advantage of a conflict between the patriarch and the papal legate, Peter Capuano, Bohemond restored the Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Antioch, Symeon II, in early 1206 or 1207.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Peter of Angoulême and the papal legate were reconciled and the patriarch excommunicated Bohemond, Symeon and the commune with the approval of the Holy See.Шаблон:Sfn He also imposed an interdict on Antioch, but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Peter of Angoulême helped Raymond-Roupen's supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Surprised by the coup, Bohemond sought refuge in the citadel.Шаблон:Sfn Although Leo of Cilicia also entered the town, Bohemond was able to muster his troops and defeat his enemies.Шаблон:Sfn He captured and imprisoned the Latin patriarch who refused to acknowledge him as the lawful prince.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After Peter of Angoulême died of thirst, Pope Innocent III ordered Albert Avogadro, the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, to excommunicate Bohemond.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond continued to support the Eastern Orthodox patriarch and did not allow Peter of Ivrea, the new Latin patriarch of Antioch, to visit his see.Шаблон:Sfn He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch, stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin emperors of Constantinople.Шаблон:Sfn

The Hospitallers made raids against Hama, Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemond's realms.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Adil I, the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt, blamed Bohemond for the knights' actions.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Adil broke into the County of Tripoli, forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209.Шаблон:Sfn

Az-Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209.Шаблон:Sfn Cilician soldiers who tried to seize a caravan wounded the grand master of the Knights Templar Guillaume de Chartres, in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211.Шаблон:Sfn Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch, allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see.Шаблон:Sfn John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians.Шаблон:Sfn Leo dispatched Raymond-Roupen to attack the Templars' domains in Bohemond's principality in 1212.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

A group of Assassins murdered Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, in 1213.Шаблон:Sfn At the time, the Assassins were tributaries to the Hospitallers and Bohemond suspected the Hospitallers had been involved in the murder. After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi, the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemond's old ally, Az-Zahir Ghazi.Шаблон:Sfn Az-Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al-Adil, although they had been enemies.Шаблон:Sfn Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az-Zahir Ghazi.Шаблон:Sfn

Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn Peter of Ivrea, the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin, who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune, started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond-Roupen.Шаблон:Sfn They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216.Шаблон:Sfn The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond-Roupen was installed as prince.Шаблон:Sfn

Duke Leopold VI of Austria, who landed at Acre in late summer 1217, invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre.Шаблон:Sfn However, the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218.Шаблон:Sfn Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hugh's half-sister Melisende in Tripoli.Шаблон:Sfn During the same year, Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli.Шаблон:Sfn

Conflicts

In 1219, a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond-Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicia's support.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Their leader, William Farabel, urged Bohemond to come to Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn Raymond-Roupen sought refuge in the citadel, but he was forced to leave Antioch.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance.Шаблон:Sfn

Before long, Bohemond granted Jabala (which was still to be conquered) to the Templars although Raymond-Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers.Шаблон:Sfn The papal legate, Cardinal Pelagius, brokered an agreement between the military orders, dividing the town between them.Шаблон:Sfn However, Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers.Шаблон:Sfn After he confiscated their property in Antioch, Pelagius excommunicated him.Шаблон:Sfn

Constantine of Baberon, the regent for Isabella of Cilicia, offered her hand to Bohemond's son, Philip, because he needed Bohemond's assistance against Kayqubad I, Sultan of Rum.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia.Шаблон:Sfn Philip's blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him.Шаблон:Sfn Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond tried to ensure his son's liberation through negotiations.Шаблон:Sfn He appealed to Pope Honorius III, but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Although Bohemond's son had already been poisoned, Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia.Шаблон:Sfn Shortly after Bohemond's departure, Shihab ad-Din Toghrul, atabeg of Aleppo, broke into the Principality of Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn After learning of his son's death and Toghrul's invasion, Bohemond hurried back.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228.Шаблон:Sfn Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond, but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229, but Bohemond's realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt, on 18 February 1229.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

At the Hospitallers' request, Pope Gregory IX repeated the excommunication of Bohemond in March 1230.Шаблон:Sfn He authorized Gerald of Lausanne, Patriarch of Jerusalem, to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers.Шаблон:Sfn With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins, Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers' right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them.Шаблон:Sfn Before long, Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See.Шаблон:Sfn

John of Ibelin, who was the leader of Emperor Frederick's opponents in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus, tried to convince Bohemond to support their cause.Шаблон:Sfn John sent his son, Balian, to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond, but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond died in March 1233, a few weeks before the pope's confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli.Шаблон:Sfn He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries.Шаблон:Sfn

Family

Bohemond's first wife, Plaisance, was the daughter of Hugh III Embriaco, Lord of Jabala, and Stephanie of Milly.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The marriage secured Bohemond's position in the County of Tripoli.Шаблон:Sfn Raymond, the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance, was murdered at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa in 1213 at the age of 18.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond was succeeded by his second son, Bohemond, in both Antioch and Tripoli.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bohemond's and Plaisance's third son, Philip, who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia, ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224.Шаблон:Sfn He died in prison.Шаблон:Sfn Bohemond's youngest son, Henry, married Isabella of Cyprus; their son, Hugh, inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268.Шаблон:Sfn

Bohemond's second wife, Melisende, was the youngest daughter of King Aimery of Cyprus and Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn Their daughter, Maria, laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew, Hugh, in 1268.Шаблон:Sfn She died after 1307.Шаблон:Sfn

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
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Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book
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