Английская Википедия:Bokashi (printing)
Bokashi (Japanese: ぼかし) is a technique used in Japanese woodblock printmaking. It achieves a variation in lightness and darkness (value) of a single color or multiple colors by hand applying a gradation of ink to a moistened wooden printing block, rather than inking the block uniformly. This hand-application had to be repeated for each sheet of paper that was printed.
The best-known examples of bokashi are in the 19th-century ukiyo-e works of Hokusai and Hiroshige, in which the fading of Prussian blue dyes in skies and water create an illusion of depth.Шаблон:Sfn In later works by Hiroshige, for example the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, most prints originally featured bokashi such as red-to-yellow-to-blue color sunrises.
Techniques
Gradations can be created on the blocks themselves using the Шаблон:Transl technique, or brushed on by hand using Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn They can also be done freehand directly onto a print, without using a printing block.Шаблон:Sfn
Fukibokashi
Шаблон:Transl requires gradations of ink to be applied to the printing block. This is not a precise technique; its results are inconsistent from print to print.Шаблон:Sfn
The technique Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang, "straight-line bokashi") is the one associated with the works of Hokusai and Hiroshige to represent the horizon, sea, or sky. Ink is applied to one end of the brush (kata-bake) which is drawn across the desired portion of the printing block; this area is first wetted with a Шаблон:Transl cloth, so that the ink bleeds somewhat across the wet area. This creates a gradation at the width of the brush.Шаблон:Sfn Straight line gradation with an uneven edge is known as ichimoji-mura-bokashi.Шаблон:Sfn
In Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) two colours are worked toward each other, achieved by applying two inks to opposite edges of the brush.Шаблон:Sfn In Шаблон:Transl a flat colour is printed, and then the same printing block is washed and re-brushed with a Шаблон:Transl effect to overprint over the first; this technique is seen on the dark peak of Mount Fuji in Hokusai's Fine Wind, Clear Morning.Шаблон:Sfn
O-bokashi (wide gradation). A difficult skill. To achieve gradation of a large area, the standard ichimonji technique is repeated multiple times using different brushes, narrowing the space to be shaded each time.Шаблон:Sfn
Ate-nashi-bokashi (gradation without definition) is used for soft modulations of color, such as rosy cheeks.Шаблон:Sfn
Itabokashi
Itabokashi, or 'block shading,' is a technique used to produce ruffled edges on areas of color. It is produced by first cutting an area slightly larger than needed for a color, then abrading the edges of that area to make the transition from that color less sharp. This is commonly used in clouds and shading.[1]
Freehand techniques
Some techniques are performed freehand, without using a printing block, and results can vary considerably from print to print. Шаблон:Transl is used for finer details, such as around eyes, and requires the artist to draw with a brush loaded with ink on a wetted area; as with Шаблон:Transl, the bleeding of the ink into the water creates gradations. Шаблон:Transl is similar, requiring the wetting of areas to be inked, and is used for details such as clouds.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Works cited
Further reading
- Newland, Amy Reigle. (2005). Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints. Amsterdam: Hotei. Шаблон:ISBN; OCLC 61666175
External links
- Шаблон:YouTube A demonstration of bokashi starts at 55:00
Шаблон:Portal bar
Шаблон:Ukiyo-e