Английская Википедия:Bolesław Kołyszko
Шаблон:Infobox military person
Bolesław Kajetan Kołyszko alias Rutkowski, Szyszka (Шаблон:Lang-lt; 1838Шаблон:Sfn – 9 June [O.S. 28 May]Шаблон:Sfn 1863) was one of the Polish-Lithuanian[1][2] leaders in the January Uprising.Шаблон:Sfn
Early life
Kołyszko was born into a petty noble family as a son of Wincenty Kołyszko and his wife from the Jursza family.Шаблон:Sfn He had an older brother, Feliksas Kolyška, who also fought in the January Uprising.Шаблон:Sfn Boleslovas Kołyszko graduated from the Vilnius Gymnasium and studied law in the University of Moscow.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Dawid Fajnhauz, he might have graduated from Lida gymnasium instead of Vilnius.Шаблон:Sfn In the University of Moscow, Kołyszko was part of the Polish students association called "Ogół".Шаблон:Sfn He was arrested in 1861 for his involvement in student demonstrations in Lida.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of 1861, after a short imprisonment, he emigrated to Italy, where he met Ludwik Mierosławski.Шаблон:Sfn First in Genoa and later in Cuneo, he studied in the Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Although the Military School acquainted Kołyszko with the military, it was impossible to develop his military talent or even qualify him for a commander in such a short time.Шаблон:Sfn
Uprising of 1863
After the start of the uprising he went back to Lithuania.Шаблон:Sfn On 21 March 1863, he began the uprising between Čekiškė and Panevėžys.Шаблон:Sfn In a few days, his unit included 400 men and was also joined by the unit led by the priest Antanas Navaina.Шаблон:Sfn As he organized the rebel group near Kaunas during March, it was joined by the groups of Bronislavas Žarskis and Antanas Norvaiša.Шаблон:Sfn The combined group was called the Dubysa Regiment.Шаблон:Sfn The regiment had three battalions, with the battalion commanders being Bronislavas Žarskis, Antanas Norvaiša and Juozas Radavičius.Шаблон:Sfn Kołyszko led his 400 men strong regimentШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in fights against units of the Imperial Russian Army at Aukštdvaris on March 29–30.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He then fought near Lenčiai on April 1 (together with the unit of Tomas Kušleika), near Шаблон:Ill on April 11.Шаблон:Sfn
By Zygmunt Sierakowski's order, he led a rebel column - two battalions and a cavalry unit that fought in the battle of Biržai. On May 7, Kołyszko was the first from the rebel columns to reach the designated spot, Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn They were attacked by Russian forces, but when Sierakowski came and joined the battle, the Russian attack was repelled.Шаблон:Sfn Kołyszko and Sierakowski's aide-de-camp Шаблон:Ill were supposed to take wounded the Sierakowski and transport him out of the country, but they were captured on May 10.Шаблон:Sfn During the interrogation he blamed Sierakowski for the uprising's failure and underlined that he was doing everything for the homeland.Шаблон:Sfn He was hanged by a court-martial on June 9, 1863.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The remains were secretly buried in Vilnius' Gediminas' Hill.
Commemoration
Kołyszko already during his lifetime became the hero of songs and poems. One of them called Przeszły troski i frasunki... ("Troubles and sorrows are gone...") is dated 28 March 1863, the authorship of it is attributed to Vilnius-born poet Шаблон:Ill. Alongside Kołyszka, it praises other leaders of the uprising in Samogitia, Lithuania and Belarus. Kołyszko is portrayed in it as a revolutionary folk leader:[3]
| Original text | English translation |
|---|---|
| Wyprostować ostre kosy, Wezwać włościan, jak Bóg każe I zawołać wniebogłosy: Do Kołyszki! Za Niewiażę! |
Straighten the sharp scythes, Call the peasants, as God commands, and cry out in a loud voice: To Kołyszko! Beyond the Nevėžis! |
His remains were found in 2017 during the works designed to strengthen Шаблон:Ill. On 22 November 2019, the remains were solemnly buried in the Columbarium of the Rasos Cemetery Шаблон:Ill in Vilnius.Шаблон:Sfn
Sources
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
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