Английская Википедия:Bolokhovians
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Bolokhovians, Bolokhoveni, also Bolokhovens (Шаблон:Lang-ro; Old Slavic: Болоховци, Bolokhovtsy), were a 13th-century ethnic group that resided in the vicinity of the Rus' principalities of Halych, Volhynia and Kiev, in the territory known as the "Шаблон:Ill" centered at the city of Bolokhov or Bolokhovo (not identified yet). Their ethnic identity is uncertain; although Romanian scholars, basing on their ethnonym identify them as Romanians (who were called Vlachs in the Middle Ages), archeological evidence and the Hypatian Chronicle (which is the only primary source that documents their history) suggest that they were a Slavic people. Their princes, or knyazes, were in constant conflict with Daniel of Galicia, Prince of Halych and Volhynia, between 1231 and 1257. After the Mongols sacked Kiev in 1240, the Bolokhovians supplied them with troops, but the Bolokhovian princes fled to Poland. The Bolokhovians disappeared after Daniel defeated them in 1257.
Etymology
Romanian scholars suggest that the name "Bolokhoveni" may have derived from Voloch, the East Slavic term for Romanians, or Vlachs.Шаблон:Sfn If this theory is correct, the Bolokhoveni were Romanians living in the western regions of Kievan Rus'.Шаблон:Sfn However this theory is contradicted by archaeological evidence, which indicates that the Bolokhovian material culture resembled that of its contemporaries in the western parts of Kievan Rus'.Шаблон:Sfn Furthermore, it is documented that the Bolokhovian princes had family ties with boyars of the Principality of Halych.Шаблон:Sfn
The ethnonym seems to be connected to the name Bolokhovo, an early medieval settlement that the Hypatian ChronicleШаблон:Spaced ndashan accurate source of the history of Kievan Rus'Шаблон:Spaced ndashmentioned around 1150.Шаблон:Sfn[1] According to historian Victor Spinei, this town may have been the same town as Borokhov, which was recorded by the same chronicle in 1172.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Spinei states, Bolokhovo may be the same town as Bolechow (now Bolekhiv, Ukraine), which was mentioned as the "town called 'the VlachsШаблон:' " in a Polish charter from 1472.Шаблон:Sfn
Geography
The Hypatian Chronicle refers to the "Шаблон:Ill" once.Шаблон:Sfn Based on the chronicle, modern historians say that this land bordered the principalities of Halych, Volhynia and Kiev.[1]Шаблон:Sfn Bozhskyy, along with other Bolokhovian towns mentioned in the chronicle, were situated along the Buzhok and Sluch rivers.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, the Bolokhovians inhabited the region around the sources of the Teteriv, Boh, Horyn and Sluch rivers.[1]
On the other hand, historian Alexandru V. Boldur believes that the Bolokhovian Land was located between the Dniester and Dnieper rivers.Шаблон:Sfn He also says that the Bolokhoveni were located southeast of the present-day town of Ushitsa (Шаблон:Lang-ro).Шаблон:Sfn
According to Niketas Choniates's chronicle, "the Vlachs, who had heard rumors" of the escape of Andronikos Komnenus (a rebellious cousin of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I), captured him in 1164 at the borders of Halych.Шаблон:Cn
History
The Hypatian Chronicle first refers to "Bolokhovian princes" when documenting a war between Daniil Romanovich, Prince of Halych and Volhynia, and the Hungarians in 1231.Шаблон:Sfn The Bolokhovian princes fought in alliance with the Hungarians.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Bolokhovian princes supported a rebellion against Daniil Romanovich, and they besieged an important stronghold, Kamianets-Podilskyi, in 1233 or 1235.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, the princes were captured and brought to the court of Daniil Romanovich in Vladimir.Шаблон:Sfn When Mikhail, Prince of Chernigov, and Iziaslav, Prince of Novgorod-Seversk, requested their release, they referred to Bolokhovian princes as their "brothers".Шаблон:Sfn
After the Mongols destroyed Kiev in 1240, the Mongols moving westward did not attack the "Bolokhovian Land".Шаблон:Sfn However, they did force the Bolokhovians to supply their army with crops.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the same time, the Bolokhovian princes fled to the Duchy of Masovia (now in Poland).Шаблон:Sfn They promised Duke Bolesław I of Masovia that they would accept his suzerainty, but the duke captured them.Шаблон:Sfn They were released after Daniil Romanovich and his brother, Vasilko Romanovich, promised to give Duke Bolesław I many gifts.Шаблон:Sfn
The Mongol invasion of Rus' did not end the conflicts among the local rulers.Шаблон:Sfn The Bolokhovian princes supported Rostislav Mikhailovich when he besieged Bakota, a major town held by Daniil Romanovich's officials, in 1241.Шаблон:Sfn In revenge for the attack, Daniil Romanovich invaded and pillaged the Bolokhovian LandШаблон:Sfn and destroyed their fortified towns.Шаблон:Sfn Archaeological research at Gubin and Kudin, two supposedly Bolokhovian towns, shows that the town walls were dug up by Daniil's army.Шаблон:Sfn However, no corpses or traces of fire were found, implying that Daniil took the towns' inhabitants to his own principality.Шаблон:Sfn Their defeat by Daniil's troops in 1257 was the last recorded event of the history of the Bolokhovians.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
- The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (An annotated translation by George A. Perfecky) (1973). Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)
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