Английская Википедия:Bon (festival)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Infobox holiday Шаблон:Culture of Japan
Шаблон:Nihongo or just Шаблон:Nihongo is a fusion of the ancient Japanese belief in ancestral spirits and a Japanese Buddhist custom to honor the spirits of one's ancestors. This Buddhist–Confucian custom has evolved into a family reunion holiday during which people return to ancestral family places and visit and clean their ancestors' graves when the spirits of ancestors are supposed to revisit the household altars. It has been celebrated in Japan for more than 500 years and traditionally includes a dance, known as Шаблон:Transliteration.
The festival of Obon lasts for three days; however, its starting date varies within different regions of Japan. When the lunar calendar was changed to the Gregorian calendar at the beginning of the Meiji era, the localities in Japan responded differently, which resulted in three different times of Obon. Шаблон:Transliteration (Bon in July) is based on the solar calendar and is celebrated around the 15th of July in eastern Japan (Kantō region such as Tokyo, Yokohama and the Tōhoku region), coinciding with Шаблон:Transliteration. Шаблон:Transliteration (Bon in August), based on the lunar calendar, is celebrated around the 15th of August and is the most commonly celebrated time. Шаблон:Transliteration (Old Bon) is celebrated on the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, and so differs each year, which appears between August 8 and September 7. Exceptions occurred in 2008 and 2019, when the solar and lunar calendar matched, and so Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration were celebrated on the same day. Шаблон:Transliteration is celebrated in areas such as the northern part of the Kantō region, Chūgoku region, Shikoku, and Okinawa Prefecture. These three festival days are not listed as public holidays, but it is customary for people to be given leave.[1]
History of Шаблон:Transliteration
The Japanese Bon Festival originated from the Ghost Festival of China, which is itself a combination of the Buddhist Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang-zh) Festival and the Taoist Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang) Festival.
The Buddhist tradition originates from the story of Maha Maudgalyayana (Mokuren), a disciple of the Buddha, who used his supernatural powers to look upon his deceased mother only to discover she had fallen into the Realm of Hungry Ghosts and was suffering.[2] Greatly disturbed, he went to the Buddha and asked how he could release his mother from this realm. Buddha instructed him to make offerings to the many Buddhist monks who had just completed their summer retreat on the fifteenth day of the seventh month. Mokuren did this and, thus, saw his mother's release. He also began to see the true nature of her past selflessness and the sacrifices she had made for him during her lifetime. The disciple, happy because of his mother's release from suffering and grateful for her many kindnesses, danced with joy. From this dance of joy comes the Шаблон:Transliteration or "Bon Dance", a time during which ancestors and their sacrifices are remembered and appreciated. See also: Ullambana Sutra.
As Obon occurs in the heat of the summer, participants traditionally wear Шаблон:Transliteration, a kind of light cotton kimono. Many Obon celebrations include a huge carnival with rides, games, and summer festival foods.[3]
During the festival, families traditionally sent their ancestors' spirits back to their permanent dwelling place under the guidance of fire in a ritual known as Шаблон:Nihongo3, or, in a larger scale, the Burning of the Character Big in the mountain. Fire also marks the commencement (Шаблон:Transliteration) as well as the closing of the festival.[4]
Another significant ritual practiced during the Obon festival in Japan is to craft a cucumber horse and eggplant cow, known as Шаблон:Nihongo3 or Шаблон:Nihongo3,[5][6] that act as a vessel for the ancestors to come back home and return, respectively.[7]
Etymology
The Japanese word Шаблон:Transliteration is composed of the honorific prefix Шаблон:Transliteration and the word Шаблон:Transliteration. The Шаблон:Transliteration portion is from the longer Japanese names Шаблон:Nihongo or Шаблон:Nihongo, in turn from the Chinese terms Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration).
The Chinese terms are often described as deriving from Sanskrit Шаблон:Transliteration meaning "hanging upside down", in reference to souls suffering in hell.[8] However, the Sanskrit word was sparsely, if at all, attested;[9] in addition, it would be the present participle of verb Sanskrit Шаблон:Transliteration ("to hang", intransitive), with no inherent "upside-down" meaning.[10][11]
Moreover, neither the purported meaning of "hanging upside-down" nor the verifiable meaning of "hanging" match the semantics very well, given that the Шаблон:Transliteration ceremonies are about helping the dead, closer in meaning to the "helping" sense of the Pali verb Шаблон:Transliteration ("raising, helping"), present participle of Шаблон:Transliteration ("to raise up, to help").[12] This suggests that explanations of the dead hanging upside-down in hell are more likely to be folk etymologies based on a mistaken connection to the Sanskrit verb, rather than a more direct semantic link to the Pali. Alternatively, Takakusu Junjiro[9] propounded that the origin was in fact Pali Шаблон:Transliteration, a colloquial corruption of the Pali Шаблон:Transliteration ("raising up; saving; helping"), and that the etymology was mistakenly attributed to Sanskrit.
Шаблон:Transliteration
Шаблон:Nihongo, meaning simply "Bon dance", is a style of dancing performed during Obon. It is a folk entertainment, which has a history of nearly 600 years.[13] Originally a Шаблон:Transliteration folk dance to welcome the spirits of the dead, the style of celebration varies in many aspects from region to region. Each region has a local dance, as well as different music. The music can be songs specifically pertinent to the spiritual message of Obon, or local Шаблон:Transliteration folk songs. Consequently, the Bon dance appears different from region to region. Hokkaidō is known for the folk-song Шаблон:Transliteration. The song Шаблон:Transliteration takes its namesake from the capital of Japan. Шаблон:Transliteration in Gujō in Gifu Prefecture is famous for all night dancing. Шаблон:Transliteration is a folk song from Shiga Prefecture. Residents of the Kansai area will recognize the famous Шаблон:Transliteration. Tokushima in Shikoku is very famous for its Шаблон:Transliteration, and in the far south, one can hear the Шаблон:Transliteration of Kagoshima.
The way in which the dance is performed is also different in each region, though the typical Bon dance involves people lining up in a circle around a high wooden scaffold made especially for the festival called a Шаблон:Transliteration. The Шаблон:Transliteration is usually also the bandstand for the musicians and singers of the Obon music. Some dances proceed clockwise, and some dances proceed counter-clockwise around the Шаблон:Transliteration. Some dances reverse during the dance, though most do not. At times, people face the Шаблон:Transliteration and move towards and away from it. Still some dances, such as the Kagoshima Шаблон:Transliteration dance, and the Tokushima Шаблон:Transliteration, simply proceed in a straight line through the streets of the town.
The dance of a region can depict the area's history and specialization. For example, the movements of the dance of the Шаблон:Transliteration (the "coal mining song") of old Miike Mine in Kyushu show the movements of miners, i.e. digging, cart pushing, lantern hanging, etc.; the above-mentioned Шаблон:Transliteration mimics the work of fishermen such as hauling in the nets. All dancers perform the same dance sequence in unison.
There are other ways in which a regional Bon dance can vary. Some dances involve the use of different kinds of fans, others involve the use of small towels called Шаблон:Transliteration which may have colourful designs. Some require the use of small wooden clappers, or Шаблон:Transliteration, during the dance.
The music that is played during the Bon dance is not limited to Obon music and Шаблон:Transliteration; some modern Шаблон:Transliteration hits and kids' tunes written to the beat of the Шаблон:Transliteration are also used to dance to during Obon season.
The Bon dance tradition is said to have started in the later years of the Muromachi period as a public entertainment. In the course of time, the original religious meaning has faded, and the dance has become associated with summer.
The Bon dance performed in the Okinawa Islands is known as Шаблон:Transliteration. Similarly, the Yaeyama Islands have Шаблон:Transliteration.
China
India
Шаблон:Transliteration (literally "fortnight of the ancestors") is a 16–lunar day period in Hindu calendar when Hindus pay homage to their ancestors (Шаблон:Transliteration), especially through food offerings. Шаблон:Transliteration is considered by Hindus to be inauspicious, given the death rite known as Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Transliteration performed during the ceremony.
Korea
The Korean version of the Bon celebration is known as Шаблон:Transliteration. Participants present offerings at Buddhist shrines and temples, and masked dances are performed. It is as much an agricultural festival as a religious one.[14][15]
Vietnam
Celebrations outside Japan
Philippines
In the Philippines, Filipinos of Japanese descent, with support from the Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai Inc., Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai International School, Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku, and various other Japanese Filipino-based organizations, hold an Obon festival every year along with other Japanese-based Filipino festivals, to celebrate the ancestors of Filipinos of Japanese descent, and to celebrate the friendship between Japan and the Philippines.[16][17]
Argentina
In Argentina, the Bon Festival is celebrated by Japanese communities during the summer of the southern hemisphere. The biggest festival is held in Colonia Urquiza, in La Plata. It takes place on the sports ground of the La Plata Japanese School. The festival also includes Шаблон:Transliteration shows and typical dances.[18]
Brazil
Bon Festival is celebrated every year in many Japanese communities all over Brazil, as Brazil is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan. São Paulo is the main city of the Japanese community in Brazil, and also features the major festival in Brazil, with street Шаблон:Transliteration dancing and Шаблон:Transliteration dance. It also features Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration contests. The festival also features a variety of Japanese food and drink, art and dance. Bon is also celebrated in communities of Japanese immigrants and their descendants and friends throughout South America: Bon festivals can be found in the states of Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Goiás, Amazonas, Pará (Tomé-Açu), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pernambuco, Bahia, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Brasília.[19]
Malaysia
In Malaysia, Bon Festival is also celebrated every year in Esplanade, Penang, Shah Alam Stadium in Shah Alam, Selangor, and also Universiti Malaysia Sabah at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. This celebration, which is a major attraction for the state of Selangor, is the brainchild of the Japanese Expatriate & Immigrant's Society in Malaysia. In comparison to the celebrations in Japan, the festival is celebrated on a much smaller scale in Penang, Selangor and Sabah, and is less associated with Buddhism and more with Japanese culture. Held mainly to expose locals to a part of Japanese culture, the festival provides the experience of a variety of Japanese food and drinks, art and dance, with the vast number of Japanese companies in Malaysia taking part to promote their products.
United States and Canada
Bon festivals are also celebrated in North America, particularly by Japanese-Americans or Japanese-Canadians affiliated with Buddhist temples and organizations. Buddhist Churches of America (BCA) temples in the U.S. typically celebrate Bon Festival with both religious Obon observances and traditional Шаблон:Transliteration dancing around a Шаблон:Transliteration. Many temples also concurrently hold a cultural and food bazaar providing a variety of cuisine and art, also to display features of Japanese culture and Japanese-American history.[20] Performances of taiko by both amateur and professional groups have recently become a popular feature of Bon Odori festivals.[21][22] Bon festivals are usually scheduled anytime between July and September.
Шаблон:Transliteration melodies are also similar to those in Japan; for example, the dance Шаблон:Transliteration from Kyushu is also performed in the U.S. In California, due to the diffusion of Japanese immigration, Шаблон:Transliteration dances also differ from Northern to Southern California, and some are influenced by American culture, such as "Baseball Шаблон:Transliteration".
The "Bon season" is an important part of the present-day culture and life of Hawaii. It was brought there by the plantation workers from Japan, and now the Bon dance events are held among the five major islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii) on weekend evenings from June to August. They are held usually at Buddhist missions, but sometimes at Shintoist missions or at shopping centres.[23][24] At some Buddhist missions, the dance is preceded by a simple ritual where the families of the deceased in the past year burn incense for remembrance, but otherwise the event is non-religious. The songs played differ among the regions - one or two hour Bon dance in the Western part of the Big Island (in and around Kailua Kona), for example, typically starts with Шаблон:Transliteration, continues with songs such as Шаблон:Transliteration (using wooden clappers), Шаблон:Transliteration (using Шаблон:Transliteration given at the donation desk), Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration from Okinawa Prefecture (reflecting the fact that many Okinawan descendants live in Hawaii), Шаблон:Transliteration for children, zumba songs for the young, Beautiful Sunday, etc., and ends with Шаблон:Transliteration, celebrating abundant harvest.[25] The participants, Japanese descendants and the people of all races, dance in a big circle around the Шаблон:Transliteration, the central tower set up for the dance, from which recorded songs are broadcast and, most of the time, the Шаблон:Transliteration group accompany the songs playing drums. In larger cities, Bon dance lessons are given by volunteers before the actual events.[26]
Some Japanese museums may also hold Obon festivals, such as the Morikami Museum[27] in Florida.
In St. Louis, Missouri, the Botanical Garden has hosted a Bon festival over Labor Day weekend every year since 1977. Known as the Japanese festival, it is a collaboration with several Japanese-American organizations, and hosts thousands of people over a three-day period. The festival provides authentic Japanese music, art, dance, food, and entertainment including dancing around a Шаблон:Transliteration, sumo wrestling, Шаблон:Transliteration drums, bonsai demonstrations, music played on traditional instruments, several bazaars, food courts with authentic Japanese foods, tea ceremonies, candlelit lanterns released on the lake in the gardens Japanese garden and much more.[28]
See also
- Шаблон:Transliteration, the concept of offering food to the hungry ghosts in Japanese Buddhism
- Awa Dance Festival
- Ghost Festival, the Chinese counterpart of the Bon Festival.
- Parentalia, a festival in ancient Rome to honor ancestors, including bringing offerings to their on the last day, known as Feralia
- Pitru Paksha, a Hindu festival that bears similarities to the Bon festival
- Day of the Dead, a Mexican festival also revolving around the dead
- Qingming Festival
- Japanese calendar
- Japanese culture
- Veneration of the dead
- Śrāddha, a Hindu culture celebrated for half moon cycle to give the offerings and honor ancestors. Celebrated in all Indian State.
- Takeda Lullaby, a folk lullaby from the Kyoto region in which the Bon Festival is mentioned
References
Bibliography
- Marinus Willem de Visser: Ancient Buddhism in Japan – Sutras and Ceremonies in Use in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. and their History in Later Times. 2 volumes, Paul Geuthner, Paris 1928–1931; Brill, Leiden 1935, pp 58–115
- Robert J. Smith: Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California 1974. Шаблон:ISBN
- Ensho Ashikaga (1950), The Festival for the Spirits of the Dead in Japan, Western Folklore 9 (3), 217-228 Шаблон:Subscription required
External links
Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Commons category
- List All Japanese Obon Festivals & Bon Odori Practices – Schedule
- Bon Dance: Description of various Bon Dance styles and resources. (archived 17 December 2009)
- Obon Festival in Japan Шаблон:Webarchive
- Photo Gallery of Bon Odori 2007 in Penang, Malaysia
- El Bon Odori de La Plata en Argentina
Шаблон:Japan topics Шаблон:Asia in topic Шаблон:Halloween
- ↑ Bon A-B-C, 2002, Bonodori.net, Japan, http://www.bonodori.net/E/sekai/bonabc3.HTML Шаблон:Webarchive.
- ↑ What is Obon, 1998, Shingon Buddhist International Institute, California, http://www.shingon.org/library/archive/Obon.html.
- ↑ Obon: Japanese festival of the dead, 2000, Asia Society, http://www.asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=27391 Шаблон:Webarchive.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, available online via the Kotobank entry for shōryō uma here (in Japanese)
- ↑ Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, available online via the Kotobank entry for ushi uma here (in Japanese)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Chen, K 1968, ‘Filial Piety in Chinese Buddhism’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, p88.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ ullamb-related entries at SpokenSanskrit.org website
- ↑ ullamb entry at Sanskrit Dictionary website
- ↑ ulllumpana entry at The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary websiteШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Una tradición que se afirma en la Ciudad", El Día, Sunday, January 9, 2010.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Nakao, Annie, "Japanese Americans keeping Obon tradition alive", San Francisco Chronicle, Friday, July 8, 2005
- ↑ Schulze, Margaret, "Obon Story: Honoring ancestors, connecting to our community" Шаблон:Webarchive, in the NikkeiWest newspaper, San Jose, California, Vol. 10, No. 14, July 25th, 2002
- ↑ "Obon Basics" - San Jose Taiko, California Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bon Dance Overseas --- Hawaii (in ten web pages) Шаблон:Webarchive (in Japanese)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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