Английская Википедия:Boobrie

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illustration of a great auk
A great auk, which may be the source for descriptions of the boobrie

The boobrie is a mythological shapeshifting entity inhabiting the lochs of the west coast of Scotland. It commonly adopts the appearance of a gigantic water bird resembling a cormorant or great northern diver, but it can also materialise in the form of various other mythological creatures such as a water bull.

A generally malevolent entity, the boobrie typically preys on livestock being transported on ships, but it is also fond of otters, of which it consumes a considerable number. In its manifestation as a water horse the creature is able to gallop across the top of lochs as if on solid ground. During the summer months it is seen infrequently as a large insect, sucking the blood of horses.

Folklorist Campbell of Islay has speculated that descriptions of the boobrie may be based on sightings of the great auk. The bellowing sound made by the boobrie, more like a bull than a bird, may have its origin in the strange call of the common bittern, which was a rare visitor to Scotland.

Etymology

Boobrie may derive from Шаблон:Lang, meaning cow giver or cow bestowing.Шаблон:Sfnp Edward Dwelly, a Scottish lexicographer, lists tarbh-boidhre as "Monster, demon" and "God capable of changing himself into many forms"; tarbh-aoidhre is given as a northern counties variation.Шаблон:Sfnp The simpler component of tarbh as a single word is defined by Dwelly as "bull."Шаблон:Sfnp Transcribers of the tale have used several differing spellings of the second component, some even adopting inconsistent variations throughout their own renditions.Шаблон:Sfnp George Henderson for instance, a folklorist and Celtic scholar, used five alternatives: bo'eithre; boidhre; bo-oibhre; eithre; and fhaire.Шаблон:Sfnp Spelling variations employed by other writers include aoidhre; baoighre; baoidhre; boidhre; eighre; and oire.Шаблон:Sfnp

Folk beliefs

Description and common attributes

Investigation into folklore, especially Celtic oral traditions, began in the 19th century, and several "bizarre" and less familiar beasts were identified, including the boobrie.Шаблон:R It is a generally malevolent entity,Шаблон:Sfnp with the ability to materialise in the form of various mythical creatures.Шаблон:Sfnp It commonly preys on animals being transported on ships,Шаблон:Sfnp preferably calves, but will also happily eat lambs and sheep,Шаблон:Sfnp carrying its prey away to the deepest water before consuming it.Шаблон:Sfnp It is also extremely fond of otters, which it consumes in large quantities.Шаблон:Sfnp

In its favoured bird manifestationШаблон:Sfnp the boobrie resembles a gigantic great northern diverШаблон:Sfnp or cormorant, but with white markings.Шаблон:Sfnp According to folklorist Campbell of Islay, a detailed account of its dimensions provided by an authoritative source claims that it is "larger than seventeen of the biggest eagles put together".Шаблон:Sfnp It has a strong black beak about Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert in length, the final Шаблон:Convert of which taper like that of an eagle. The creature's neck is almost Шаблон:Convert long with a girth of a little under Шаблон:Convert. Short black powerful legs lead to webbed feet with gigantic claws. An imprint of a boobrie's foot left in some lakeside mud equalled "the span of a large wide-spreading pair of red deer's horns".Шаблон:Sfnp It bellows noisily with displeasure, sounding more like a bull than a bird.Шаблон:Sfnp The design of its wings is more conducive to swimming rather than for flight.Шаблон:Sfnp Its evil powers when in the form of a bird were said by Campbell of Islay to have "terrified a minister out of his propriety".Шаблон:Sfnp The boobrie's insatiable appetite for livestock posed a threat to local farmers, as they relied on their animals as a means of providing income and food.Шаблон:Sfnp

Although sea lochs are the boobries' natural homeШаблон:Sfnp they will shelter on land in overgrown heather.Шаблон:Sfnp Accounts are inconsistent as to the extent of the boobrie's habitat. Campbell of Islay claims that it is specific to the lochs of Argyllshire,Шаблон:Sfnp as does Emeritus Professor of English James MacKillop.Шаблон:R The writers Katharine Briggs and Patricia Monaghan on the other hand consider the creature's range to be the broader Scottish Highlands,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp although Briggs does sometimes specify Argyllshire.Шаблон:Sfnp Campbell of Islay's undated manuscript notes the boobrie had not been seen for several years probably due to the widespread burning of heather in the area of its habitat.Шаблон:Sfnp

Alternative manifestations

When manifested as a water horse the creature is able to gallop across the surface of lochs; the beating noise of the creature's hooves on the water is the same as if it were galloping on solid ground.Шаблон:Sfnp

Henderson reproduced parts of Campbell of Islay's manuscripts when writing Survivals in belief among the Celts (1911). Among them is a story listed as "boobrie as tarbh uisge".Шаблон:Sfnp The tale starts by detailing how a man named Eachann fed a colossal black bull when he discovered it writhing in pain and possibly close to death at the side of Loch nan Dobhran, on the west coast of Argyll. Some months later, Phemie, Eachann's girlfriend, is occasionally disturbed by elusive shadows she senses on the loch, which make her think of Murdoch, her former paramour. While she sat dreaming of Eachann one evening when staying at a sheiling near the loch, she sensed the flicker of a shadow behind her, except this time it was Murdoch. He promptly overpowered her by enveloping her in a blanket and tying her hands. At that point, a water bull came to Phemie's rescue by knocking Murdoch to the ground. The bull then knelt down allowing Phemie to get on its back, before transporting her at the speed of light back to the home of her mother.Шаблон:Sfnp The bull disappeared, never to be seen again, but a "voice was heard in the air calling out loudly". The verse heard was in Gaelic, and translates as: Шаблон:Quote It is then asserted that the tale "reveals the persistence in folk-belief of the idea of transformation, the boobrie being the abode of a spirit".Шаблон:Sfnp

The boobrie can also manifest itself in the form of a large insect that sucks the blood of horses.Шаблон:Sfnp Henderson refers to it as a "big striped brown gobhlachan or ear-wig"Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn with "lots of tentacles or feelers".Шаблон:Sfnp It was infrequently seen in this form, usually only at the height of the summer, during August and September.Шаблон:Sfnp

Capture and hunting

A farmer and his son were ploughing a field on the Isle of Mull using a team of four horses beside Loch Freisa, but work stalled after one of the horses lost a shoe and was unable to continue.Шаблон:Sfnp Noticing a horse grazing nearby they decided to try using it as a replacement. Once harnessed to the wooden plough the horse appeared to be familiar with the task, and initially worked steadily. As it began to work towards an area closest to the loch, it became restless and the farmer gently used a whip to encourage the animal to continue. It reacted by immediately transforming into a gigantic boobrie, giving out a loud bellow and diving into the loch, pulling the plough and the other three horses with it. The frightened farmer and his son watched as the creature swam to the centre of the loch then dived underwater, taking the other horses and plough with it. Seven hours later there was still no sign of the three horses.Шаблон:Sfnp

In a story transcribed by John Campbell of Kilberry, a hunter attempted to shoot a boobrie after he spotted it in its bird-like manifestation on a sea loch one chilly February day. The man paddled into the loch until the water was up to his shoulders, but when he was about Шаблон:Convert from the creature it dived under the water. The hunter maintained his position for forty-five minutes before returning to the shore, where he remained for a further six hours waiting unsuccessfully for the boobrie to resurface. No clear indication is given of the loch's whereabouts.Шаблон:Sfnp

Origins

Campbell of Islay speculates that the boobrie may have originated from sightings of the great auk.Шаблон:Sfnp He noted he had been told stories of the creature by various people, and regarded it as having "a real existence in the popular mind".Шаблон:Sfnp He considered the tale of the boobrie in its water horse manifestation resembled the Norse myth of "the ploughing of the Asa".Шаблон:Sfnp Referring to Forbes' 1905 dictionary of "Gaelic names of beasts" in which bubaire is defined as a common bittern,Шаблон:Sfnp and a detailed description given by scholar James Logie Robertson of the bull o' the bog (an alternative name for a bittern) in The Scotsman in 1908,Шаблон:R Henderson hypothesises that the boobrie may stem from the bittern.Шаблон:Sfnp Referring to the bittern's "strangely weird sound"Шаблон:Sfnp and highlighting its "weird hollow cry"Шаблон:Sfnp during the night and throughout the evening, he describes it as resembling quietly bellowing cattle, particularly during the bird's breeding season.Шаблон:Sfnp Records indicate that the bird was rare in Scotland but had been sighted in the first decade of the 20th century,Шаблон:Sfnp although catching sight of a bittern was believed to be a harbinger of death or disaster.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:R

References

Notes Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

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Bibliography

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