Английская Википедия:Booker T. Washington State Park (West Virginia)

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Booker T. Washington State Park is a former state park near the community of Institute in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The park was operated by the West Virginia Conservation Commission, Division of State Parks, from 1949 until the late 1950s.

The park was a day-use picnic area located on Шаблон:Convert of secondary forest outside Institute, approximately Шаблон:Convert east of the West Virginia State College (now University) campus. The park was integrated shortly after the Brown v. Board of Education decision by the United States Supreme Court in May 1954.

The land and the vicinity of this park were once part of a dense concentration of Late Adena Native American mounds and earthworks along the Kanawha River, including the nearby Shawnee Reservation Mound. In the 18th century, the area became a part of a large land tract owned by George Washington. In 1853 Samuel I. Cabell purchased Шаблон:Convert of the valley. He and his wife Mary Barnes Cabell (a freedwoman) operated a plantation near the park's location, and following the American Civil War his children and the plantation's freed slaves settled the community of Piney Grove. Under the provisions of the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1890, the West Virginia Legislature established the West Virginia Colored Institute for the education of African Americans in 1891. The institute opened at Piney Grove in 1892, and the town's name was changed to Institute. In 1949 the West Virginia Conservation Commission, Division of State Parks, opened Booker T. Washington State Park, which was named for African American educator and West Virginia native Booker T. Washington. Following the park's integration in 1954, it remained open as a day-use picnic area until the late 1950s. By 1959 Booker T. Washington State Park was no longer listed in that year's West Virginia Blue Book listing of state parks.

Geography and setting

Booker T. Washington State Park was just outside the unincorporated community of Institute, Kanawha County, West Virginia, approximately Шаблон:Convert east of the West Virginia State College (now University) campus.[1][2][3] The Shawnee Reservation Mound, a Late Adena Native American mound within present-day Shawnee Regional Park in Institute, is located Шаблон:Convert southwest of the former park site.[2][3][4]

The park was situated on Шаблон:Convert at an elevation of Шаблон:Convert[5] on the northern edge of the Kanawha River valley. It was bound by forested hills to its west and east, the confluence of Finney Branch and an unnamed stream in a hollow to its north, and the northern end of Pinewood Drive to its south.[1][2][3] Finney Branch is a tributary stream of the Kanawha River, which flows Шаблон:Convert southwest of the park's location.[2][6] Dutch Hollow, formed by a Finney Branch tributary, is approximately Шаблон:Convert east of the park's location and is the site of the Dutch Hollow Wine Cellars, presently located within Dunbar's Wine Cellar Park.[1][7][8] The former park land is covered in secondary forest consisting of tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), several species of oak (Quercus), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), several species of pine (Pinus), and other deciduous species.[9]

Background

Area history

The Шаблон:Convert section of the Kanawha River valley between present-day Charleston and St. Albans was once the site of a dense concentration of Late Adena Native American mounds and earthworks, including Institute's Shawnee Reservation Mound.[4][10] The Shawnee Reservation Mound is one of only three mounds that remain from this original complex of mounds and earthworks.[4]

This region of the Kanawha River valley was granted to George Washington, recently returned from fighting in the French and Indian War, following Virginia Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie's Proclamation of 1754.[11][12] The Proclamation of 1754 encouraged enlistment for the Monongahela expedition in exchange for a reward of land from a Шаблон:Convert reservation in western Virginia.[12] Between 1772 and 1774, Washington claimed four large land tracts in the Kanawha River valley totaling Шаблон:Convert.[12] Washington leased the four tracts to James Welch in 1797, and following Welch's death the tracts reverted to Washington's estate.[12] These tracts were divided and sold into the 19th century by Washington's heirs.[11][12]

Файл:Bridge-wine-cellar-park - West Virginia - ForestWander.jpg
Wine Cellar Park in Dutch Hollow

In Dutch Hollow, to the east of the Cabell property and the state park land, a vineyard and the Dutch Hollow Wine Cellars were established by Tom Friend around 1860 and operated for about three years.[13] The area's wine industry shuttered following the American Civil War possibly due to high labor costs, unreliable grape crops, and competition from out-of-state wineries.[13]

In 1853 Samuel I. Cabell purchased Шаблон:Convert encompassing the Kanawha River valley bottomlands between Sattes and the western area of present-day Dunbar.[11] Cabell, his wife Mary Barnes Cabell (a freedwoman), their family, and their slaves relocated to this property where Cabell operated a plantation.[11][14] In 1870 the Kanawha County Commissioners divided the former Cabell plantation land tract among his widow and his children, providing each with a strip of land extending between the hills to the north (where the park would later be located) and the Kanawha River bank to the south.[11] The present-day community of Institute is situated on land that was once part of Cabell's plantation.[11] Cabell's descendants and his former slaves remained in the vicinity of his plantation and settled a community known variously as Cabell Farm and Piney Grove.[11][14] A post office opened at Piney Grove in 1876, and Cabell's daughter Marina Cabell Hurt served as its postmaster.[11][15] Hurt is thought to have been the first African American female postmaster in the United States.[11] Piney Grove was renamed Cabell, then renamed Institute after the West Virginia Colored Institute.[11]

Under the provisions of the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1890, the West Virginia Legislature established the West Virginia Colored Institute for the education of African Americans in 1891.[14][16] The state purchased a Шаблон:Convert tract of land from Elijah and Marina Cabell Hurt, and commenced construction of the institute's campus.[11][14][17] The state gradually acquired adjacent lots until the campus consisted of approximately Шаблон:Convert.[11]

The co-educational West Virginia Colored Institute opened in 1892 and added a military education program in 1899.[14] African American educator Booker T. Washington, a former Kanawha River valley resident from nearby Malden, frequently visited the institute's campus as a guest lecturer.[14] The institute's first president, Byrd Prillerman, was a friend of Washington, who had recommended Prillerman for the position in 1909.[14] The West Virginia Colored Institute gradually became the center of African American intellectual and academic life in West Virginia, and in 1915 it became known as the West Virginia Collegiate Institute to reflect its authority to grant college degrees as a post-secondary educational institution.[14] In 1929 the institution's name was changed to West Virginia State College.[14]

Development of state recreational facilities for African Americans

In response to the tremendous damage to West Virginia's natural environment from mineral and lumber exploitation, the state began the development of its state park system in the 1920s.[18][19] The state recognized the need to designate and protect lands worthy of conservation, and in 1925 the Legislature established the West Virginia State Forest, Park and Conservation Commission to assess the state's opportunities and needs for forests, parks, game preserves, and recreational areas.[18][19][20] The Legislature established the West Virginia Conservation Commission, Division of State Parks, in 1933 to manage the state's growing park system, and to leverage the resources and expertise of the New Deal-era programs for park development.[21] The park system continued to expand and consisted of approximately Шаблон:Convert by the mid-1930s.[19]

Файл:Camp Washington-Carver - Great Chestnut Lodge.jpg
Great Chestnut Lodge, Camp Washington-Carver Complex

Despite West Virginia's growth in state parks, in both acreage and in number of locations, its state park system was not accessible by African Americans.[19] During the 1930s, West Virginia's historically black colleges (Bluefield State Teachers College, Storer College, and, primarily, West Virginia State College and its extension service) became the center of a movement to provide educational outdoor and recreational activities for West Virginia's African American youth.[22] The movement succeeded in taking advantage of available West Virginia Board of Control funding from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) when the Legislature established Camp Washington-Carver in 1937 near Clifftop in Fayette County.[19][23] The Шаблон:Convert African American 4-H camp was constructed by the WPA between 1939 and 1942 and was transferred from the West Virginia Board of Control to the West Virginia State College extension service, which offered instruction to African American children and adolescents in the subjects of agricultural education, soil conservation, home economics, and 4-H values.[24] West Virginia State named the 4-H camp complex after African American educators Booker T. Washington (a Kanawha River valley native) and George Washington Carver.[24] Its Great Chestnut Lodge is notable as being the largest log structure in West Virginia built entirely of chestnut.[25] Camp Washington-Carver was formally dedicated on July 26, 1942.[26]

Park establishment and operation

The West Virginia Conservation Commission, Division of State Parks, had expanded to 13 state parks by 1945;[27] however, West Virginia still restricted the access of African Americans to its state parks.[19] In 1940 the NAACP contacted the Division of State Parks and inquired about the accessibility of African Americans to West Virginia state parks.[19] The Division of State Parks responded by stating: "Negro citizens would feel ill at ease" at visiting state parks alongside white residents, and that the division was deliberating the construction of a state park for African Americans.[19]

Файл:Booker T Washington retouched flattened-crop.jpg
Booker T. Washington

By 1949 private citizens had donated Шаблон:Convert of deciduous forest land outside the largely African American community of Institute to the Division of State Parks for the construction of an African American recreational area.[9][19] On August 5, 1949, West Virginia Conservation Commission Director C.Шаблон:NbspF. McClintic formally announced that a public day-use recreational area for African Americans was being developed in Institute, and would be named for Booker T. Washington.[9] At the time of the announcement, a water well was being drilled and picnic and sanitary facilities were being installed.[9] Present-day Pinewood Drive had already been constructed from West Virginia Route 25 to provide access to the park location, and a parking area for 15 cars had already been completed.[9] According to McClintic, the park's name was selected by the West Virginia Conservation Commission following consultation with West Virginia State College President Dr.Шаблон:NbspJohn Warren Davis.[9]

Booker T. Washington State Park opened in 1949 as the only state park accessible to African Americans.[19][28][29] Following the park's completion, its limited facilities included the water well, ten picnic tables, fireplaces, toilets, and the parking area.[19] According to National Park Service (NPS) surveys of state parks in 1950 and 1955, Booker T. Washington State Park lacked swimming facilities, cabins, campsites, and refreshment stands.[30][31] Unlike other West Virginia state parks, Booker T. Washington also lacked scenic views and hiking trails.[19] Also unlike other state parks, the Division of State Parks did not keep statistics on its visitors.[19] By 1954, West Virginia's state park system consisted of Шаблон:Convert, with only the Шаблон:Convert Booker T. Washington State Park explicitly open to African Americans.[19][32]

Following the Brown v. Board of Education decision by the United States Supreme Court in May 1954, West Virginia Conservation Commission Director Carl J. Johnson announced the integration of Booker T. Washington State Park, thus allowing whites to utilize the park's facilities.[28][29][33] Johnson also stated that Booker T. Washington was the only state park operated on the basis of segregation and that no further changes would be made to state park policies following the Brown v. Board of Education ruling.[28][29][33] Booker T. Washington remained a day-use state park with picnic facilities;[34] however, by 1957 it was without a supervisor.[35] The park was no longer in operation by 1959 when it was omitted from the listing of state parks in the West Virginia Blue Book[36] and the park was also omitted when the NPS released its 1960 survey of U.S. state parks.[37] The 1958 West Virginia Blue Book did not include a listing of West Virginia state parks.[38]

Significance and legacy

Booker T. Washington State Park was the only state park ever to operate in Kanawha County. When the West Virginia State Park History Committee and former Division of State Parks chief Kermit McKeever published their book Where People and Nature Meet: A History of the West Virginia State Parks in 1988, there was no mention of Booker T. Washington State Park.[39]

See also

References

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Bibliography

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External links

Шаблон:Booker T. Washington Шаблон:Protected areas of West Virginia Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite map
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Шаблон:Cite map
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite map
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
  5. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок GNIS 1536226 не указан текст
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite map
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Charleston Daily Mail 1 не указан текст
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  11. ↑ 11,00 11,01 11,02 11,03 11,04 11,05 11,06 11,07 11,08 11,09 11,10 11,11 Шаблон:Harvnb
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 14,7 14,8 Шаблон:Harvnb
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  19. ↑ 19,00 19,01 19,02 19,03 19,04 19,05 19,06 19,07 19,08 19,09 19,10 19,11 19,12 19,13 Шаблон:Harvnb
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
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