Английская Википедия:Border Personnel Meeting Point

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Файл:The Indo-China Conference hall (Indian side, BSF maintained).jpg

The Indo-China Conference hall at Nathu La

Border Personnel Meeting points are locations along the disputed Sino-Indian territories on Line of Actual Control (LAC) where the armies of both countries hold ceremonial and practical meetings to resolve border issues and improve relations. While border meetings have been held since the 1990s, the first formal Border Personnel Meeting point was established in 2013. There are five meeting points: two in the Indian Union Territory of Ladakh, one in Sikkim, and two in Arunachal Pradesh in India's Central and Eastern sectors.

India has identified the specific Patrol Points with the specified route and the maximum depth up to which Indian troops usually patrol into the disputed territory on LAC. Patrolling points provide a truer sense of the extent of India's limits of actual control.

History

Файл:India disputed areas map.svg

Map showing disputed territories of India

Файл:Xinjiang prfc map2alt.png

Map of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region with disputed areas shown in blue

Файл:Xizang prfc map.png

Map of Tibet Autonomous Region with disputed areas shown in blue

The border between China and India is Шаблон:Convert in lengthШаблон:R and often in sparsely populated areas. Its exact location has never been formally defined and is thus vague and in dispute. Both governments patrol up to where they each believe the border lies. Indian and China began discussing the border in the 1980s.Шаблон:R

One aspect of an initiative of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to improve Indo-Chinese relations and reduce border tension was the creation of formal locations to hold Border Personnel Meetings.Шаблон:R Border Personnel Meeting points were established after the signing of a Border Defense Cooperation Agreement in October 2013.Шаблон:R The first three formal BPM Points were opened shortly after the agreement. Two additional locations were opened in 2015.Шаблон:R

Sino-Indian dispute is seen as the territory slicing aspect, one of many components, of China's salami slice strategy.

BPM usage and types

To facilitate cooperation and peace at the disputed border through consultation and interaction, the armies of both countries, the Indian Army and China's People's Liberation Army (PLA), hold meetings near the border called Border Personnel Meetings (BPMs). These meeting have been held since 1995.Шаблон:R Formal meeting points are at fixed locations and have infrastructure. Before they were used, meetings were not in permanent locations and could have been on either the Indian or Chinese side of the Line of Actual Control (LAC).Шаблон:R

Шаблон:Anchor There are two types of BPMs. A ceremonial BPM is used for cultural exchange to build friendship and otherwise improve to bilateral defense relations between the two armies. Ceremonial BPMs have been held on New Year's Day (January 1),Шаблон:R India's Republic Day (January 26), Harvest Festival (April 14),Шаблон:R May 15, PLA Day, which commemorates the establishment of the Chinese PLA (August 1), and Indian Independence Day (August 15).Шаблон:R These meetings include the playing of each country's national anthem and saluting of their respective flags, and ceremonial addresses by representative of both armies.Шаблон:R

A BPM Flag Meeting is a meeting between the armies "used to resolve local issues like patrols inadvertently crossing over and prevents flare-ups".Шаблон:R

Summary of BPM point locations

BPM points at mountain passes along the border, from west to east, are:

Location NW to SE

BPM point (pass and sector)	Indian State/UT	Chinese Prefecture (within Tibet Autonomous Region)	Formal Opening Date	Prior First Use	Details
DBO-TWD	Ladakh	Ngari Prefecture	Aug 2015	Unknown	Karakoram Pass is also in this area.
Spanggur Gap (Chushul-Moldo)	Ladakh	Ngari Prefecture	2013–2014	Unknown	Moldo (Шаблон:Lang-zh) post of the Indian Army, coordinates Шаблон:Coord. Spanggur (Шаблон:Lang-zh) post of the People's Liberation Army of China, coordinate: Шаблон:Coord. This is near the Rezang La.
Nathu La	Sikkim	Shigatse	2013–2014	<2006
Bum La Pass (Tawang)	Arunachal Pradesh	Nyingchi	2013–2014	<2006
Kibithu (Walong)	Arunachal Pradesh	Nyingchi	May 2015	Nov 2006	India's last village and border post on LAC is at Kaho pass/village.

Details of BPM point locations

Moldo/Chushul - Spanggur-China

Chushul is in the Leh district of the Indian state of Ladakh region.Шаблон:R The meeting point is named after the nearby town (Chushul) or the mountain pass (Spanggur Gap). An October 1, 2015 meeting was held there and simultaneously in Daulat Beg Oldi in which issues relating to a border confrontation in Ladakh in the prior month were resolved. Both countries agreed to return their troops to the previous positions.Шаблон:R The meeting point and a nearby 1962 Sino-Indian War memorial are a tourist attraction.Шаблон:R There is a meeting hut there.Шаблон:R

Nathu La

Nathu La is a mountain pass in the Indian state of Sikkim and once part of the historic Silk Road.Шаблон:R It is also one of three open trading border posts between China and India. Along with Bum La Pass, it was one of the first two informal locations used in the first decade of BPMs.Шаблон:R

Bum La Pass

Bum La Pass is a mountain pass in the Tawang district of the Indian state Arunachal Pradesh,Шаблон:R Шаблон:Convert north of the town of Tawang at an altitude of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:R Fierce fighting took place there during the 1962 border war when China invaded India through the pass.

Ceremonial meetings were held there every year on August 15 (Indian Independence Day) from 2006 to 2016. The Chinese did not participate in 2017 due to a border standoff in Doklam.Шаблон:R Both armies resumed meeting on October 30, their first since the conflict ended on August 28.Шаблон:R Along with Nathu La, it was one of the first two informal locations used in the first decade of BPMs.Шаблон:R

Kibithu

Kibithu is in the Anjaw District of the Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh and opened in May 2015.Шаблон:R The first meeting there between the Indian and Chinese military occurred in conjunction with Prime Minister Modi's China visit of May 14–16.Шаблон:R At this meeting, Modi and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang agreed to open additional meeting points to improve bilateral defense relations.Шаблон:R The first BPM was held here in 2006, well before the location was formalized as a meeting point. That meeting coincided with the first visit to India by Chinese President Hu Jintao and at the time was the third "informal" meeting point.Шаблон:R The exact meeting point is at Kaho pass on LAC, which is India's last village and pass, there is ITBP post north of Kaho. The Kaho village itself is north of Kibithu and Walong AGL base. All of these are on the bank of Lohit River, a left bank tributary of Brahmaputra, which flows north to south from China to India.

Daulat Beg Oldi - Tianwendian

Daulat Beg Oldi is in the Ladakh region and opened in 2015.Шаблон:R Tianwendian, a Chinese military camp is on the Chinese side near Depsang Plains in the region of Aksai Chin, an area controlled by China but claimed by India. It is the highest meeting point.Шаблон:R

The first meeting at this location was held on August 1, 2015 (PLA Day). The events included a Chinese cultural program and other ceremonies meant to improve relations. Later in the month, India hosted a delegation from the PLA on the occasion of Indian Independence Day and celebrated with traditional songs and dances from Indian culture, Gatka martial arts, and motorcycle acrobatics performed by the Indian Army Corps of Signals.Шаблон:R The first ceremonial BPM ever held on New Year's Day was here in 2016.Шаблон:R

A meeting hut was constructed approximately a year after the meeting point was opened.Шаблон:R

The meeting point is at an especially sensitive location as it was the region of many Chinese incursions.Шаблон:R The meeting point is at an elevation of Шаблон:Convert and hosts one of the highest airstrips in the world.Шаблон:R It is the northernmost meeting point.Шаблон:R A three-week long confrontation occurred here in 2013 when China objected to Indian fortifications at Chumur.Шаблон:R The airstrip was unused from the 1965 India-Pakistan war until 2008 when India sought to show its ability to respond to threats in the remote region and landed an Antonov-32 transport plane there. Five years later, India sent another transport, a C-130J Super Hercules to the base. India considers this location strategically important as a point from which to control the Karakoram Highway between Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan and China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Such control would be important in the event of a war between India and China.Шаблон:R

Proposed meeting points

In 2014, establishment of a meeting point at Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand, Шаблон:Convert from the Chinese town of Burang, close to Changla was discussed.Шаблон:R

In April 2016, discussions began on creating a meeting point in middle sector of the border, possibly in the Himachal Pradesh (either Kaurik or Shipki La) - Uttarakhand (either Pulam Sumda or Barahoti) region on the Indian side in a site logistically convenient for both sides.Шаблон:R Discussions occurred in Beijing between Indian defense minister Manohar Parrikar and Chinese military and civilian leadership.Шаблон:R

See also

• India-China Border Roads
• Line of Actual Control
• Line of Control
• McMahon Line
• Sino-Indian border dispute
• Sino-Indian relations