Английская Википедия:Bossa nova

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox music genre Bossa nova (Шаблон:IPA-pt) is a relaxed style of samba developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Шаблон:Sfn It is mainly characterized by a "different beat"Шаблон:Refn that altered the harmonies with the introduction of unconventional chords and an innovative syncopation of traditional samba from a single rhythmic division.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The "bossa nova beat" is characteristic of a samba style and not of an autonomous genre.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The bossa nova wave became popular around the world; this increased popularity helped to renew samba and contributed to the modernization of Brazilian music in general.

According to Brazilian journalist Ruy Castro, the bossa beat – which was created by the drummer Milton Banana – was "an extreme simplification of the beat of the samba school", as if all instruments had been removed and only the tamborim had been preserved.Шаблон:Sfn In line with this thesis, musicians such as Baden Powell, Roberto Menescal, and Ronaldo Bôscoli also claim that this beat is related to the tamborim of the samba school.Шаблон:Sfn One of the major innovations of bossa nova was the way to synthesize the rhythm of samba on the classical guitar.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to musicologist Gilberto Mendes, the bossa nova was one of the "three rhythmic phases of samba", in which the "bossa beat" had been extracted by João Gilberto from the traditional samba.Шаблон:Sfn According to the author Walter Garcia, the synthesis performed by Gilberto's guitar was a reduction of the "batucada" of samba, a stylization produced from one of the percussion instruments: the thumb stylized a surdo; the index, middle and ring fingers phrased like a tamborim.Шаблон:Sfn

Etymology

Файл:Bossa nova dance pattern.png

Bossa nova rhythm

In Brazil, the word Шаблон:Lang is old-fashioned slang for something done with particular charm, natural flair or innate ability. As early as 1932, Noel Rosa used the word in a samba:

Шаблон:Lang

("Samba, readiness and other Шаблон:Lang are our things, are things from us.")

The phrase Шаблон:Lang means literally "new trend" or "new wave" in Portuguese. The exact origin of the term Шаблон:Lang remained unclear for many decades, according to some authors. Within the artistic beach culture of the late 1950s in Rio de Janeiro, the term Шаблон:Lang was used to refer to any new "trend" or "fashionable wave". In his book Bossa Nova, Brazilian author Ruy Castro asserts that Шаблон:Lang was already in use in the 1950s by musicians as a word to characterize someone's knack for playing or singing idiosyncratically. Castro claims that the term Шаблон:Lang might have first been used in public for a concert given in 1957 by the Шаблон:Lang ('Hebrew University Group of Brazil'). The authorship of the term Шаблон:Lang is attributed to the then-young journalist Moyses Fuks, who was promoting the event. That group consisted of Sylvia Telles, Carlos Lyra, Nara Leão, Luiz Eça, Roberto Menescal, and others. Mr Fuks's description, fully supported by most of the bossa nova members, simply read Шаблон:Lang ("Today. Sylvia Telles and a 'Bossa Nova' group"), since Sylvia Telles was the most famous musician in the group at that time. In 1959, Nara Leão also participated in more than one embryonic display of bossa nova. These include the 1st Festival de Samba Session, conducted by the student union of Шаблон:Lang. This session was chaired by Carlos Diegues (later a prominent Cinema Novo film director), a law student whom Leão ultimately married.

History

In 1959, the soundtrack to the film Black Orpheus (Orpheu Negro) was released, which included the future jazz standard Manhã de Carnaval, "The Morning of the Carnival". The bossa nova wave came to renew samba and to contribute to the modernization of Brazilian music, being a watershed.Шаблон:Sfn The style emerged at the time when samba-cançãoШаблон:Refn was the dominant rhythm in the Brazilian music scene.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Its first appearance was on the album Canção do Amor Demais, in which the singer Elizeth Cardoso recorded two compositions by the duo Antônio Carlos Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes, "Outra Vez" and "Chega de Saudade", which were accompanied by João Gilberto's guitar. It was the first time that the Bahian musician presented the beat of his guitar that would become characteristic of the style.Шаблон:Sfn By accompanying Cardoso's voice, Gilberto innovated in the way of pacing the rhythm, accentuating the weak times, to carry out a synthesis of the beat of samba to guitar.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In 1959, João Gilberto's bossa album was released, containing the tracks "Chega de Saudade" and "Bim Bom".Шаблон:Sfn Considered the landmark of the birth of bossa nova,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn it also featured Gilberto's innovative way of singing samba, which was inspired by Dorival Caymmi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn With the LP Chega de Saudade, released in 1959, Gilberto consolidated the bossa nova as a new style of playing samba.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His innovative way of playing and singing samba, combined with the harmonies of Antônio Carlos Jobim and the lyrics of Vinicius de Moraes, found immediate resonance among musicians who were looking for new approaches to samba in Rio de Janeiro,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn many of them were influenced by American jazz.Шаблон:Sfn In 1964 João Gilberto and Stan Getz released "Getz/Gilberto" album. Then, it emerged an artistic movement around Gilberto and other professional artists such as Jobim, Moraes and Baden Powell, among others, which attracted young amateur musicians from the South Zone of Rio – such as Carlos Lyra, Roberto Menescal, Ronaldo Bôscoli and Nara Leão.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Jorge Ben wrote "Mas que Nada" in 1963, and Sergio Mendes & Brazil 66 gained bosa rock hit "Mas que Nada" in 1966. It was inducted to the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame. In the 1960s, US jazz artists such as Stan Getz, Hank Mobley, Zoot Sims, Paul Winter and Quincy Jones recorded bossa jazz albums.

Bossa nova also made its influence in popular music in the late 1960s. A notable example is the song "Break on Through (To the Other Side)" by American rock band The Doors, especially the drum beat. Drummer John Densmore has stated that he was very influenced by the sounds of Brazil when coming up with the drum part for the song.

Instruments

Classical guitar

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Jarkko Toivonen performing in 1993.

Bossa nova is most commonly performed on the nylon-string classical guitar, played with the fingers rather than with a pick. Its purest form could be considered unaccompanied guitar with vocals, as created, pioneered, and exemplified by João Gilberto. Even in larger, jazz-like arrangements for groups, there is almost always a guitar that plays the underlying rhythm. Gilberto basically took one of the several rhythmic layers from a samba ensemble, specifically the tamborim, and applied it to the picking hand. According to Brazilian musician Paulo Bitencourt, João Gilberto, known for his eccentricity and obsessed by the idea of finding a new way of playing the guitar, sometimes locked himself in the bathroom, where he played one and the same chord for many hours in a row.

Файл:Basic bossa nova guitar rhythm.PNG

A basic bossa nova guitar rhythm for a C major chord. Note the syncopation in the chord's rhythm and the sixth and ninth added to the C major for a richer sound.

Drums and percussion

As in samba, the surdo plays an ostinato figure on the downbeat of beat one, the "ah" of beat one, the downbeat of beat two and the "ah" of beat two. The clave pattern sounds very similar to the two-three or three-two son clave of Cuban styles such as mambo but is dissimilar in that the "two" side of the clave is pushed by an eighth note. Also important in the percussion section for bossa nova is the cabasa, which plays a steady sixteenth-note pattern. These parts are easily adaptable to the drum set, which makes bossa nova a rather popular Brazilian style for drummers.

Structure

Certain other instrumentations and vocals are also part of the structure of bossa nova. These include:

Bossa nova and samba

Файл:Bossa-nova-rhythm1.svg

Basic bossa nova accompaniment pattern Шаблон:Audio

Bossa nova has at its core a rhythm based on samba. Samba combines the rhythmic patterns and feel originating in former African slave communities. Samba's emphasis on the second beat carries through to bossa nova (to the degree that it is often notated in 2/4 time). However, unlike samba, bossa nova has no dance steps to accompany it. When played on the guitar, in a simple one-bar pattern, the thumb plays the bass notes on 1 and 2, while the fingers pluck the chords in unison on the two eighth notes of beat one, followed by the second sixteenth note of beat two. Two-measure patterns usually contain a syncopation into the second measure. Overall, the rhythm has a "swaying" feel rather than the "swinging" feel of jazz. As bossa nova composer Carlos Lyra describes it in his song "Influência do Jazz", the samba rhythm moves "side to side" while jazz moves "front to back". Bossa nova was also influenced by the blues, but because the most famous bossa novas lack the 12-bar structure characteristic of classic blues, as well as the statement, repetition and rhyming resolution of lyrics typical of the genre, bossa nova's affinity with the blues often passes unnoticed.

Vocals

Aside from the guitar style, João Gilberto's other innovation was the projection of the singing voice. Prior to bossa nova, Brazilian singers employed brassy, almost operatic styles. Now, the characteristic nasal vocal production of bossa nova is a peculiar trait of the caboclo folk tradition of northeastern Brazil.

Themes and lyrics

The lyrical themes found in bossa nova include women, love, longing, homesickness, nature. Bossa Nova was often apolitical. The musical lyrics of the late 1950s depicted the easy life of the middle to upper-class Brazilians, though the majority of the population was in the working class. In conjunction with political developments of the early 1960s (especially the 1964 military coup d'état), the popularity of bossa nova was eclipsed by Шаблон:Lang, a musical genre that appeared around the mid-1960s, featuring lyrics that were more politically charged and focused on the working class struggle.

Dance

Bossa nova was also a fad dance that corresponded to the music. It was introduced in the late 1950s and faded out in the mid-sixties.Шаблон:Unreliable source? Bossa nova music, with its soft, sophisticated vocal rhythms and improvisations, is well suited for listening but failed to become dance music despite heavy promotion in the 1960s. The style of basic dance steps suited the music well. It was danced on "soft" knees that allowed for sideways sways with hip motions and it could be danced both solo and in pairs. About ten various simple step patterns were published.

A variant of basic 8-beat pattern was: "step forward, tap, step back, step together, repeat from the opposite foot". A variation of this pattern was a kind of slow samba walk, with "step together" above replaced by "replace". Box steps of rhumba and whisk steps of nightclub two step could be fitted with bossa-nova styling. Embellishments included placing one arm onto one own's belly and waving another arm at waist level in the direction of the sway, possibly with a finger click.Шаблон:Citation needed

Notable bossa nova recordings

Albums

• João Gilberto

• Chega de Saudade (recorded 1959)
• O Amor, o Sorriso e a Flor (recorded 1960)
• Getz/Gilberto with Stan Getz (recorded 18 & 19 March 1963, released 1964)

• Luiz Bonfá

• Luiz Bonfá Plays and Sings Bossa Nova (recorded December, 1962)

• Antônio Carlos Jobim

• The Composer of Desafinado Plays (recorded 9 & 10 May 1963)
• The Wonderful World of Antônio Carlos Jobim (recorded 1965)
• Wave (1967)
• Tide (1970)

• OST "Black Orpheus (Orpheu Negro)", 1959
• Nova—Carlos Lyra—on Phillips, 1960
• A Bossa dos Cariocas—Os Cariocas—on Phillips, 1962
• Trio—Tamba Trio—on Phillips, 1962
• Big Band Bossa Nova—Oscar Castro Neves—on Audio Fidelity, 1962
• News from Brazil Bossa Nova—Eliana & Booker Pitman, 1963
• A Bossa Muito Moderna de Donato—João Donato—on Polydor, 1963
• Baden Powell à Vontade—Baden Powell (Brazil)—on Elenco, 1964
• Menina Rica—Carlos Lyra and Dulce Nunes—on CBS, 1964
• Zimbo Trio—Zimbo Trio—on RGE, 1964
• Entre Nós—Walter Wanderley—on Phillips, 1964
• Opinião de Nara—Nara Leão—on Phillips, 1964
• Milton Banana Trio—Milton Banana Trio—on Odeon, 1965
• Elis—Elis Regina—on Phillips, 1966

Songs

• "Manhã de Carnaval," The morning of the carnival–Luiz Bonfa (1959), From Film "Black Orpheus" (Orpheu Negro)
• "The Girl From Ipanema"—Astrud Gilberto (1963)
• "Frau Gorbatschowa tanzt Bossanova"—IFA Wartburg
• "Agua de Beber"—Astrud Gilberto
• "So Nice" (Summer Samba)—Astrud Gilberto
• "Wave"–Antônio Carlos Jobim
• "Mas que Nada"—Sergio Mendes & Brazil 66 (1966)
• "Summer Samba"—Walter Wanderley
• "One Note Samba"—João Gilberto
• "Felicidade"—Antônio Carlos Jobim
• "Desafinado"—João Gilberto

See also

• "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" – Eydie Gorme, 1963
• Cha-cha-chá
• Rumba
• Tango music

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite thesis
• Шаблон:Cite news
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite news
• Шаблон:Cite news
• Шаблон:Cite news

Further reading

• Castro, Ruy (transl. by Lysa Salsbury). Bossa Nova: The Story of the Brazilian Music That Seduced the World. 2000. 1st English language edition. A Capella Books, an imprint of Chicago Review Press, Inc. Шаблон:ISBN First published in Brasil by Companhia das Letras. 1990.
• De Stefano, Gildo, Il popolo del samba, La vicenda e i protagonisti della storia della musica popolare brasiliana, Preface by Chico Buarque de Hollanda, Introduction by Gianni Minà, RAI-ERI, Rome 2005, Шаблон:ISBN
• De Stefano, Gildo, Saudade Bossa Nova: musiche, contaminazioni e ritmi del Brasile, Preface by Chico Buarque, Introduction by Gianni Minà, Logisma Editore, Firenze 2017, Шаблон:ISBN
• McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil. 1998. 2nd edition. Temple University Press. Шаблон:ISBN
• Perrone, Charles A. Masters of Contemporary Brazilian Song: MPB 1965–1985. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.
• Mei, Giancarlo. Canto Latino: Origine, Evoluzione e Protagonisti della Musica Popolare del Brasile. 2004. Stampa Alternativa-Nuovi Equilibri. Preface by Sergio Bardotti; afterword by Milton Nascimento. (in Italian)

External links

• "It's 20 years ago bossa nova was released to the world at Carnegie Hall in New York" by Rénato Sergio, Manchete magazine, 1982 (in Portuguese)