Английская Википедия:Bothrops
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Bothrops is a genus of highly venomous pit vipers endemic to the Neotropics.[1] The generic name, Bothrops, is derived from the Greek words βόθρος, bothros, meaning "pit", and ώπς, ops, meaning "eye" or "face", together an allusion to the heat-sensitive loreal pit organs. Members of this genus are responsible for more human deaths in the Americas than any other group of venomous snakes.[2] Currently, 48 species are recognized.[3]
Description
These snakes range from small, never growing to more than Шаблон:Convert, to large at over Шаблон:Convert in total length. Most are characterized by having a sharp canthus rostralis and an unelevated snout.[2]
The arrangement of the scales on top of the head is extremely variable; the number of interorbital scales may be 3–14. Usually there are 7-9 supralabials and 9-11 sublabials. There are 21-29 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 139-240 ventral scales, and 30-86 subcaudals, which are generally divided.[2]
Common names
Lacépède originally applied the name "lanceheads"[2] to all of these snakes, which he considered conspecific. Thus, older writings, as well as popular and sometimes scientific writings (including the American Heritage, Merriam-Webster, and New Shorter Oxford dictionaries), still often call them fer-de-lance (French, "spearhead"). However, many scientists and hobbyists now restrict this name to the Martinican species, B. lanceolatus. Other common names include American lanceheads and American lance-headed vipers.[4]
Geographic range
Bothrops species are found in northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas) southward through Central and South America to Argentina. They also occur on the islands of Saint Lucia and Martinique in the Lesser Antilles, as well as on Ilha da Queimada Grande off the coast of Brazil.[1] B. atrox is also found on the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean off the eastern coast of Venezuela.
Behavior
Most species are nocturnal, although a few found at higher altitudes are active during the day. Otherwise, they may be seen on cloudy days or during periods of rain. Most are terrestrial, though all are capable of climbing. One species, B. insularis, which is endemic to Ilha da Queimada Grande, is considered to be semi arboreal. This species, unlike most Bothrops, preys primarily on birds, due to the absence of native mammal species on Queimada Grande. This feeding habit probably accounts for their more arboreal lifestyle compared with their mainland cousins.[2] Many species of Bothrops exhibit tail vibration behavior when disturbed.[5]
Venom
Members of this genus are responsible for more fatalities in the Americas than any other group of venomous snakes. In this regard, the most important species are B. asper, B. atrox, and B. jararaca. Without treatment, the fatality rate is estimated to be about 7%, but with treatment this is reduced to 0.5-3%.[2]
Typical symptoms of bothropic envenomation include immediate burning pain, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, headache, massive swelling of the bitten extremity, hemorrhagic blebs, local necrosis, bleeding from the nose and gums, ecchymosis, erythemia, hypotension, tachycardia, coagulopathy with hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia, hematemesis, melena, epistaxis, hematuria, intracerebral hemorrhage, and kidney failure, secondary to hypotension and bilateral cortical necrosis. There is usually some discoloration around the bite site, and rashes may develop on the torso or the extremities.[2]
In general, death results from hypotension secondary to blood loss, kidney failure, and intracranial hemorrhage. Common complications include necrosis and kidney failure secondary to shock and the toxic effects of the venom.[2]
Species
| Image[3] | Species[3] | Subsp.*[3] | Common name[2] | Geographic range[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Bothrops alcatraz.jpg | B. alcatraz Шаблон:Small | 0 | Alcatrazes lancehead | Alcatrazes Island, São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil. |
| Файл:Bothrops alternatus Instituto Butantã (3).jpg | B. alternatus Шаблон:Small | 0 | Urutu, yarará, víbora de la cruz | Southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina (in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Formosa, La Pampa, Misiones, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán. |
| Файл:Bothrops ammodytoides, the Patagonian Pit Viper (9070511689).jpg | B. ammodytoides Шаблон:Small | 0 | Patagonian lancehead | Argentina in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Córdoba, Chubut, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquén, Río Negro, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz and Tucumán |
| Файл:Bothrops asper (Panama) coiled.jpg | B. asper Шаблон:Small | 0 | terciopelo (preferred), Fer-de-lance (commonly used, but incorrect) | Atlantic lowlands of eastern Mexico and Central America, including Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, a disjunct population occurs in southeastern Chiapas (Mexico) and southwestern Guatemala, northern South America in Colombia and Ecuador West of the Andes, westernmost Venezuela, and Tumbes, Peru.[2] |
| Файл:Fer-de-Lance (Bothrops atrox) (39388290454).jpg | B. atrox Шаблон:Small | 0 | Common lancehead | Tropical lowlands of South America east of the Andes, including southeastern Colombia, southern and eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and the northern half of Brazil |
| B. ayerbei Шаблон:Small | 0 | Patian lancehead, Ayerbe's lancehead | Cauca, Colombia | |
| B. barnetti Шаблон:Small | 0 | Barnett's lancehead | Along the Pacific coast of northern Peru at low elevations in arid, tropical scrub | |
| B. bilineatus Шаблон:Small | 2 | Two-striped forest-pitviper | Amazon region of South America: Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. An isolated population is known from the Atlantic versant of southeastern Brazil. | |
| Файл:Bothrops brazili.jpg | B. brazili Шаблон:Small | 0 | Brazil's lancehead | Equatorial forests of eastern Peru, eastern Ecuador, Brazil and northern Bolivia |
| Файл:Bothrops caribbaeus.jpg | B. caribbaeus Шаблон:Small | 0 | Saint Lucia lancehead | St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles, apparently restricted to the low elevation periphery of all but the southern third and extreme northern tip of the island |
| Файл:Bothrops chloromelas.jpg | B. chloromelas Шаблон:Small | 0 | Inca forest-pitviper | central Andes of Peru |
| B. cotiara Шаблон:Small | 0 | Cotiara | Araucaria forests of southern Brazil in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, northeastern Argentina in Misiones Province | |
| Файл:Bothrops neuwiedi diporus fer de lance 91.jpg | B. diporus Шаблон:Small | 0 | Painted Lancehead | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia |
| Файл:Gfp-caatinga-lance-headed-pitviper.jpg | B. erythromelas Шаблон:Small | 0 | Caatinga lancehead | Northeastern Brazil in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, extreme eastern Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe |
| Файл:Descanso ao sol.jpg | B. fonsecai Шаблон:Small | 0 | Fonseca's lancehead | Southeastern Brazil in the states of northeastern São Paulo, southern Rio de Jeneiro and extreme southern Minas Gerais |
| B. germanoi Шаблон:Small | 0 | Moela's lancehead | Ilha da Moela, Brazil | |
| Файл:Golden lancehead viper.jpg | B. insularis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Golden lancehead | Queimada Grande Island, São Paulo State, Brazil |
| Файл:Bothrops itapetiningaea.jpg | B. itapetiningae Шаблон:Small | 0 | São Paulo lancehead | Southeastern Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, São Paulo, and on the Paraná Plateau |
| B. jabrensis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Jabre's lancehead | Paraíba, Brazil | |
| Файл:Bothrops jararaca 02.jpg | B. jararaca Шаблон:Small | 0 | Jararaca | Southern Brazil, northeastern Paraguay and northern Argentina (Misiones) |
| Файл:Jararacuçu (Bothrops jararacussu) por Rodrigo Tetsuo Argenton (2).jpg | B. jararacussu Шаблон:Small | 0 | Jararacussu | Eastern Brazil (from Bahia to Santa Catarina), Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia and northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province) |
| B. jonathani Шаблон:Small | 0 | Jonathan's lancehead, Cochabamba lancehead | The Altiplano of central Bolivia in the departments of Cochabamba, Santa Cruz and Tarija, and in northwestern Argentina in the departments of Jujuy and Salta, occurring at elevations of 2000–3500 m in dry, rocky grassland | |
| B. lanceolatusT Шаблон:Small | 0 | Fer-de-lance, Martinique lancehead | Martinique, Lesser Antilles | |
| Файл:Whitetail Lancehead 01.jpg | B. leucurus Шаблон:Small | 0 | Whitetail lancehead, Bahia lancehead | Eastern Brazil along the Atlantic coast from northern Espírito Santo north to Alagoas and Ceará, occurs more inland in several parts of Bahia, uncertain identity of disjunct populations west of the Rio São Francisco |
| B. lutzi Шаблон:Small | 0 | Cerrado lancehead | Northeastern Brazil in northern Piaui state | |
| B. marajoensis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Marajó lancehead | Northern Brazil in the coastal lowlands of the Amazon Delta | |
| Файл:Bothrops marmoratus Instituto Butantã.jpg | B. marmoratus Шаблон:Small | 0 | Marbled lancehead | Goiás, Brazil |
| Файл:Mato Grosso Lancehead (Bothrops matogrossensis) (30701582853).jpg | B. mattogrossensis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Mato Grosso lancehead | Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Peru |
| B. medusa Шаблон:Small | 0 | Venezuelan forest-pitviper | Venezuela, including the Cordillera de la Costa (coastal range), the Federal District and the states of Aragua, Bolívar and Carabobo. | |
| B. monsignifer Шаблон:Small | 0 | Eastern slopes of the Andes of Bolivia and southern Peru | ||
| Файл:Bothrops moojeni - Jardim Zoológico de Brasília - DSC09978.JPG | B. moojeni Шаблон:Small | 0 | Brazilian lancehead | Central and southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Misiones) and likely eastern Bolivia |
| B. muriciensis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Mata de Murici, Alagoas state, Northeastern Brazil | ||
| Файл:Bothrops neuwiedi.jpg | B. neuwiedi Шаблон:Small | 7 | Neuwied's lancehead | South America east of the Andes and south of 5°S, including Brazil (southern Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, an isolated population in Amazonas, Rondônia and all southern states), Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán) and Uruguay |
| B. oligobalius Шаблон:Small | 0 | Amazonian forests of southern Colombia, southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Brazil north of the Amazon/Solimões | ||
| B. oligolepis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Peruvian forest-pitviper | Eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia. | |
| B. osbornei Шаблон:Small | 0 | Western Ecuador, Northwestern Peru | ||
| B. otavioi Шаблон:Small | 0 | Vitória Island, São Paulo, Brazil | ||
| Файл:Jararaca (Bothrops pauloensis - Jovem).jpg | B. pauloensis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia | |
| B. pictus Шаблон:Small | 0 | Desert lancehead | Peru on the hills of the Pacific coastal region and versant up to about 1800 m elevation | |
| B. pirajai Шаблон:Small | 0 | Piraja's lancehead | Brazil in central and southern Bahia state and possibly also Minas Gerais | |
| B. pubescens Шаблон:Small | 0 | Brazil, Uruguay | ||
| B. pulcher Шаблон:Small | 0 | Andean forest-pitviper | Eastern slopes of the Andes from south-central Colombia to southern Ecuador. | |
| B. punctatus Шаблон:Small | 0 | Chocoan lancehead | From the Darién of Panama along the Pacific slope of Colombia and Ecuador. | |
| B. sanctaecrucis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Bolivian lancehead | Bolivia in the Amazonian lowlands from the departments of El Beni to Santa Cruz | |
| B. sazimai Шаблон:Small | 0 | Franceses Island lancehead | Ilha dos Franceses, Espírito Santo, Brazil | |
| B. sonene Шаблон:Small | 0 | Madre de Dios, Peru | ||
| B. taeniatus Шаблон:Small | 2 | Speckled forest-pitviper | Widespread in the equatorial forests of Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. | |
| Файл:Bothrops venezuelensis by Danny Siwek.JPG | B. venezuelensis Шаблон:Small | 0 | Venezuelan lancehead | Northern and central Venezuela, including the Cordillera de la Costa (coast range) and the states of Aragua, Carabobo, the Federal District, Miranda, Mérida, Trujillo, Lara, Falcón, Yaracuy and Sucre, and Colombia (Norte de Santander and Boyacá departments |
*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
T) Type species[1]
References
External links
Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. Шаблон:ISBN (series). Шаблон:ISBN (volume).
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:ITIS
- ↑ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Allf, Bradley C., Paul AP Durst, and David W. Pfennig. "Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty: The Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle." The American Naturalist 188.4 (2016): 475-483
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