Английская Википедия:Botrychium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Botrychium is a genus of ferns, seedless vascular plants in the family Ophioglossaceae.[1] Botrychium species are known as moonworts. They are small, with fleshy roots, and reproduce by spores shed into the air. One part of the leaf, the trophophore, is sterile and fernlike; the other, the sporophore, is fertile and carries the clusters of sporangia or spore cases. Some species only occasionally emerge above ground and gain most of their nourishment from an association with mycorrhizal fungi.
The circumscription of Botrychium is disputed between different authors; some botanists include the genera Botrypus and Sceptridium within Botrychium, while others treat them as distinct. The latter treatment is provisionally followed here.
Taxonomy
- Шаблон:Txil – pointed moonwort[2]
- Шаблон:Txil[3] – Alaska moonwort[4]
- Шаблон:Txil – upswept moonwort,[5] triangle-lobed moonwort, upward-lobed moonwort
- Шаблон:Txil – northern moonwort[6]
- Шаблон:Txil – prairie moonwort,[7] prairie dunewort, Iowa moonwort[8]
- Шаблон:Txil – dainty moonwort,[9] crenulate moonwort
- Шаблон:Txil[10] – thin-leaved moonwort[11]
- Botrychium dusenii (Christ 1906) Alston 1960
- Шаблон:Txil[12] – reflected grapfern[13]
- Botrychium furculatum Popovich & Farrar 2020
- Шаблон:Txil[14] – Frenchman's Bluff moonwort[15]
- Шаблон:Txil – western moonwort[16]
- Шаблон:Txil – triangle moonwort,[17] triangle grapefern, lance-leaved grapefern
- Botrychium lineare Шаблон:Au – skinny moonwort,[18] narrowleaf grapefern[19]
- Botrychium lunaria Шаблон:Au – common moonwort,[20] grapefern moonwort
- Botrychium matricariifolium Шаблон:Au[21] – daisy-leaved moonwort,[22] matricary grapefern, matricary moonwort, chamomile grapefern
- Botrychium michiganense Wagner ex Gilman, Farrar & Zika 2015 (Michigan moonwort)
- Botrychium minganense Шаблон:Au – Mingan's moonwort[23]
- Botrychium montanum Шаблон:Au – western goblin,[24] mountain moonwort
- Botrychium mormo Шаблон:Au[14] – little goblin moonwort[25]
- Botrychium neolunaria Шаблон:Au – common moonwort[26]
- Botrychium onondagense
- Botrychium pallidum Шаблон:Au – Pale moonwort[27]
- Botrychium paradoxum Шаблон:Au – paradox moonwort,[28] peculiar moonwort
- Botrychium pedunculosum Шаблон:Au – stalked moonwort[29]
- Botrychium pinnatum Шаблон:Au – northern moonwort[30]
- Botrychium pseudopinnatum Шаблон:Au – false northwestern moonwort,[31] false daisy-leaved grapefern
- Botrychium pumicola Шаблон:Au[32] – pumice moonwort, pumice grape-fern[33]
- Botrychium simplex Шаблон:Au – least moonwort,[34] little grapefern, least grapefern
- Botrychium socorrense Шаблон:Au[35] – Isla Socorro moonwort
- Botrychium spathulatum Шаблон:Au – spatulate moonwort,[36] spoon-leaved moonwort
- Botrychium sutchuanense Chien & Chun 1959
- Botrychium tolucaense Wagner & Mickel 2004
- Botrychium tunux Шаблон:Au[37][38] – moosewort[39]
- Botrychium × watertonense Шаблон:Au – Waterton grapefern[40]
- Botrychium yaaxudakeit Шаблон:Au[41][42] – giant moonwort, Yakutat moonwort[43]
Conservation
Moonworts can be found in many environments, including prairies, forests, and mountains. While some Botrychium species are quite rare, conservation efforts can be difficult. Determining the rarity of a species is complicated by the plants’ small leaves, which stand only 2-10 centimeters above the soil.[14] Even more of a challenge in obtaining an accurate population count is the genus’s largely subterranean life cycle. The vast majority of any one population of moonworts actually exists below ground in banks consisting of several types of propagules. One type of propagule is the ungerminated spores, which must percolate through the soil beyond the reach of light in order to germinate. This presumably increases the probability that the spore will be in range of a mycorrhizal symbiont before it produces the tiny, roughly heart-shaped gametophyte, which also exists entirely below ground.[44] Finally, some species produce gemmae, a form of asexual propagation achieved by budding of the root.[14]
Juvenile and dormant sporophytes can also be hidden in the soil for long periods of time. Mature sporophytes do not necessarily produce a leaf annually; they can remain viable underground for up to 10 years without putting up a photosynthetic component. This feat is made possible by their dependence on symbiotic partnership with AM fungi of the genus Glomus, which supply most fixed carbon for growth and reproduction.[45]
This mycorrhizal dependence has also made lab cultivation of moonworts difficult. Thus far, only germination of the gametophyte has been successful.
References
External links
- USDA Plants Profile for Botrychium (grapefern)
- Efloras.org: Flora of North America, treatment of genus Botrychium
- ITIS.gov: List of Botrychium species — with species links.
Шаблон:Plant classification Шаблон:Fern classification Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ B. acuminatum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. alaskense Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 27 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. alaskense Iowa State Herbarium 27 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. ascendens Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. boreale Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. campestre Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. campestre Шаблон:Webarchive Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point 27 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. crenulatum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. daucifolium Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 27 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. daucifolium Taiwan Plant Names, www.eFlora.org 27 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. echo Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 03 Jan 2012
- ↑ B. echo USDA Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project July 22, 2004
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ B. gallicomontanum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. hesperium Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. lanceolatum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. lineare Шаблон:Webarchive Washington State Department of Natural Resources 26-Dec-2011
- ↑ Шаблон:PLANTS
- ↑ B. lunaria Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ B. matricariifolium Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. minganense Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. montanum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. mormo Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. neolunaria Iowa State Herbarium 27 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. pallidum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. paradoxum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. pedunculosum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. pinnatum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. pseudopinnatum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. pumicola Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 03 Jan 2012
- ↑ B. pumicola Oregon.gov ODA Plant Division, Plant Conservation 03 Dec 2012
- ↑ B. simplex Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. socorrense Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. spathulatum Flora of North America, www.eFloras.org 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:PLANTS
- ↑ B. tunux Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. tunux Iowa State Herbarium 03 Jan 2012
- ↑ Шаблон:PLANTS
- ↑ Шаблон:PLANTS
- ↑ B. yaaxudakeit Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Dec 2011
- ↑ B. yaaxudakeit Iowa State Herbarium 27 Dec 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
