Английская Википедия:Boz (king)

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Boz (died Шаблон:Circa 380) was the king of the Antes, an early Slavic people that lived in parts of present-day Ukraine. His story is mentioned by Jordanes in the Getica (550–551); in the preceding years, the Ostrogoths under Ermanaric had conquered a large number of tribes in Central Europe (see Oium), including the Antes. Some years after the Ostrogothic defeat by the invading Huns, a king named Vinitharius, Ermanaric's great-nephew, marched against the Antes of Boz and defeated them. Vinitharius condemned Boz, his sons, and seventy of his nobles, to crucifixion, in order to terrorize the Antes. These conflicts constitute the only pre-6th century contacts between Germanics and Slavs documented in written sources.

History

Background

Byzantine historian Jordanes wrote in his De origine actibusque Getarum (or "Getica", written in 550 or 551Шаблон:Sfn) that King Ermanaric (Шаблон:Floruit 370s) of the Greuthungi (a Gothic tribe, most likely the same as the later Ostrogoths), member of the Amali dynasty, managed to subdue a large number of tribes in Europe (Cassiodorus called him "ruler of all nations of Scythia and Germania"), and he is said to have lastly subjugated the Wends (Slavs).Шаблон:Sfn Jordanes noted that the Gothic tribes regularly made raids into Slavic territory.Шаблон:Sfn

Jordanes mentioned three tribes of the same origin, that constituted the Slavs: Wends (West Slavs), Antes (East Slavs) and Sklaveni (South Slavs), and stated that the Antes were the bravest and strongest among these. He also stated that the Antes' rule was hereditary,Шаблон:Sfn while Procopius maintained that the Sklaveni and Antes "are not ruled by one man, but they have lived from old under a democracy".Шаблон:Sfn According to Ukrainian scholar Roman Smal-Stocki (1893–1969), the Antes received a strong ruling power and military organization over time from the Gothic influence.Шаблон:Sfn They inhabited the area between the Dniester and Dnieper,Шаблон:Sfn most likely in the region extending from the Vistula to the Danube mouth and eastwards to the Don.Шаблон:Sfn The tribal union of the Antes probably included some neighbouring West Slavic tribes.Шаблон:Sfn The Antes seem to have attempted to form their own state in the frontiers of, or even within, the Gothic state, judging by Jordanes' naming Boz as "king".Шаблон:Sfn

Story of Boz

Файл:Ostrogoths, Antes, Huns and Alans in 380.jpg

Approximate location of the Ostrogoths, Antes, Huns and Alans in Шаблон:Circa 380.

The Huns, accompanied by the Alani whom they had just conquered, invaded Ermanaric's territories. Ermanaric, who feared devastation, took his own life. In the years following Ermanaric's death, there was a war between the section of the Ostrogoths who remained under Hun rule, and the Antes.

Ermanaric's great-nephew, Vinitharius, who disliked being under Hun rule, withdrew his forces and marched against the Antes in order to defeat them and to show his courage.Шаблон:Sfn This took place in the last quarter of the 4th century, possibly around 380.Шаблон:Sfn Boz, the king of the Antes (rex Antorum), had organized an alliance to defend the Antes,Шаблон:Sfn and managed to defeat Vinitharius in their first encounters, however, Vinitharius fought valiantly and managed to capture and crucify Boz, together with his sons and 70 of his chiefs (primates). Vinitharius left their bodies hanging to induce fear in those who had surrendered. These conflicts constitute the only pre-6th century contacts between Germanics and Slavs documented in written sources.

Aftermath

Afterwards, the Alans (according to contemporary Marcellinus, though Jordanes said it was Huns) rushed to rescue their kin, with a decisive battle fought against the Ostrogoths at the river Erak (now called Tylihul), in which the Ostrogoths were defeated and pushed west. The Ostrogoths eventually reached the lower Danube shores.

Assessment

Historian Florin Curta believes that Jordanes' account regarding Boz and Vinitharius possibly originated in the Gothic oral tradition, given the narrative pattern of the story.Шаблон:Sfn He views of Boz as "quasi-legendary", as he is the only Slavic leader mentioned by Jordanes, while no leader is mentioned by Procopius.Шаблон:Sfn

Some historians have tried to identify Boz with Bus mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign,Шаблон:Sfn in which boyars tell Sviatoslav I of Kiev (r. 945–972) of "Gothic maidens ... singing about the time of Bus", but this has been refuted. The first to connect the two was O. Ohonovskyj in 1876. He was later supported by S. Rospond.Шаблон:Sfn

Jordanes wrote his name in Late Latin as Boz ("Boz nomine"), though several manuscripts of the Getica use Box or Booz. There are various theories in etymological studies regarding the name.

The name has been rendered in the Slavic languages as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Slavonic, Шаблон:Slavonic; transliterated as Шаблон:Lang). One theory is that it derives from the Slavic word bog, "God", interpreted as "God's",Шаблон:Sfn "Godly".Шаблон:Sfn Polish linguist Stanisław Urbańczyk (1909–2000) mentioned Шаблон:Lang (divine), Шаблон:Lang (chief), and 'Шаблон:Lang (barefooted) as possibilities.Шаблон:Sfn Polish papyrologist Adam Łukaszewicz noted that "chief" was a possibility as it corresponded to the circumstances.Шаблон:Sfn Polish linguist Stanisław Rospond (1906–1982) concluded that Шаблон:Lang, "barefooted", was his name, and that the other etymologies put forward by Urbańczyk were less probable; he supported this by connecting Boz with Bus (Шаблон:Slavonic) of The Tale of Igor's Campaign, as Шаблон:Ill (1833–1894) had first done in 1876.Шаблон:Sfn Ukrainian scholar Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1866–1934) speculated that his name was "perhaps Bozhko, Bozhydar, Bohdan".Шаблон:Sfn Ukrainian historian Bohdan Struminsky stressed that as the first palatalizations (gь > žь, etc.) had not yet occurred in Slavic at the time of Boz, Шаблон:Lang was unconvincing and Шаблон:Lang "even less acceptable". Although supporting the connection with Bus, he assumed that it was Gothic, as Шаблон:Lang, found in similar variants as West Gothic Шаблон:Lang, of uncertain date, "probably meaning 'Sorcerer'", and Anglo-Saxon Bōsa, from the 7th century.Шаблон:Sfn Others have theorized an Iranian etymology (Bwzrmyhr or Burzmipuhr).Шаблон:Sfn German historian F. Altheim (1898–1976) treated the Hunnic name Bozos as derived from Шаблон:Lang, a short form of Iranian Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn

His title, rex Antorum, translates to "King of the Antes". Ukrainian historian Шаблон:Ill (1902–1985) assumed, as Jordanes used rex for both Germanic rulers and the ruler of the Antes, that the Eastern Slavs had adopted "*kuning-" from the Goths and Slavicized it into "kǔnędzǐ" (knyaz), translated by Jordanes as "rex".

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal