Brachaspis robustus is a nationally endangered species of grasshopper[1] endemic to the Mackenzie Basin of the South Island of New Zealand.[2] The genus Brachaspis is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Although a grasshopper, it is a poor jumper, relying on camouflage to hide from predators. It is threatened by introduced mammals such as stoats, hedgehogs, and rats.[3]
The New Zealand entomologist Dr Tara Murray told North & South magazine in 2019: “They can actually jump, they just don’t land very well. On a hot day, an adult male can jump up to 1.5m, multiple times. Females are bulkier, so they don’t jump as far. These grasshoppers freeze as a first defence. If they do jump, it often ends as a back flop, belly flop or general ‘thock’ on the ground.” [3]
B. robustus is extremely well camouflaged, often relying on visual crypsis as passive defense against predation. It is also sexually dimorphic; adult males have a body length of 18–22 mm (0.71–0.87 in.) and adult females 38–42 mm (1.5–1.7 in.).[4] Males are estimated to have 5 instars and females 6,[4] the same as several other sub-alpine and alpine grasshopper species within New Zealand.[5] The wings on B. robustus are very small, between Шаблон:Convert, making this species flightless like most of New Zealand grasshoppers. There are three known colour morphs for adult B. robustus: 'Grey', 'Orange' and 'Black'. The most common colour morph is 'Grey' at approximately 60% of adult B. robustus; 'Orange' is about 40%, and the very rare 'Black' is less than 0.5%.
B. robustus is only known from the Tekapo, Pukaki and Ohau river catchments in the Mackenzie Basin.[3] It can be found as far south as Lake Benmore (44°20′29″S 170°12′42″E) and as far north as the upper Fork Stream (43°58′24″S 170°24′04″E). The altitudinal distribution of Brachaspis robustus is between 352 m (1,155 ft) on the lower Ohau River and 1,060 m (3,480 ft) the upper Fork Stream. Detailed searches since 1980 have been carried out throughout the Mackenzie Basin and a good understanding of its current distribution is now known.[6]
The lifespan of B. robustus is approximately two years. Eggs are laid from early summer to mid autumn. Adult females probably lay two egg batches a season, each containing between 20–32 eggs. The majority of nymph emergence occurs in mid-summer, but early instar B. robustus have been seen later in the season. Because of the timing of emergence, it is thought eggs require a winter period in order to develop fully. This not an uncommon requirement for New Zealand grasshoppers.[7][8] The nymphs then overwinter, often surviving temperatures well below 0 °C, and reach adulthood the following summer. Adult males will copulate with multiple females and vice versa, suggesting this species has a promiscuous mating system. The ratio of male to female B. robustus alters over New Zealand summer: at the start of the summer in November the ratio is 56% male and 44% female. By December females (57%) outnumber males (43%). For the rest of summer, males predominate: in January at 54% male to 46% female, and in March 82% male and only 18% female.[9]
Habitat and Diet
Brachaspis robustus is always found in very rocky areas (stony floodplain terraces, fluvio-glacial outwash, recent fluvial outwash, and rocky braided river), and is never found in vegetation.[10] It is a generalist herbivore and is known to eat Anthosachne scabra (syn. Elymus rectisetus) and Poa pratensis, the herb Achillea millifolium, and unidentified mosses and lichens.[11]Faeces analysed during spring suggested that moss and lichen are important in its diet; this might reflect their ability to absorb moisture at night. Food succulence is important in grasshopper diets, and mosses and lichens may provide a means of withstanding the aridity and drought of the Mackenzie Basin.[11]
Conservation
Two species of grasshopper are listed for protection under the Wildlife Act 1953 of New Zealand: B. robustus and Sigaus childi.[12]Sigaus takahe is also indirectly protected as it is only known from the Murchison Mountains Specially Protected (Takahē) Area.
As early as the 1960s, B. robustus was noted as rare and in need of conservation action.[13] In 1993, it was estimated that there were only approximately 800 adults in the wild.[11] By the end of 2009/2010 summer it was estimated that this had declined to approximately 600 adults. In 1993, most adults were found in three key very large populations and only a few sub-populations; by 2010, numerous new sub-populations have been discovered, but the three key populations from 1993 were now very sparse and made up of numerous sub-populations. Introduced mammalian predators are one of the known threats to B. robustus.[14]
In December 2017, 20 B. robustus were fitted with radio transmitters which operated for 3–12 days to determine their home range for future translocations.[15] In July 2018 a 440 ha area in the Mackenzie Basin known as the "Tekapo Triangle" was transferred to the control of the Department of Conservation and set aside as a reserve for B. robustus.[3][16] Six pairs were taken into captivity in an attempt to breed them.[15][17]
Type information
Файл:NZAcrididae4.JPGType specimen of B. robustus.Bigelow, R.S. 1967. The Grasshoppers of New Zealand, Their Taxonomy and Distribution. University of Canterbury, Christchurch.
Type locality: Ahuriri River, Otago. Шаблон:Coord. It is virtually certain that B. robustus is now absent from the holotype and paratype localities.[11][18] These localities and surrounding suitable habitat for B. robustus have been searched several times unsuccessfully.[6][18]
↑ 4,04,1White, E. G. 1994. Ecological research and monitoring of the protected grasshopper Brachaspis robustus in the Mackenzie Basin. Pages 1-50. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
↑Hudson, L. 1970. Identification of the immature stages of New Zealand alpine Acridid grasshoppers (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Biological Sciences 12:185-208.
↑ 6,06,1Morris, S.J. 2005. The resurvey of the old historic Brachaspis robustus sites in the Mackenzie Basin. Department of Conservation, Twizel, New Zealand.
↑Mason, P. C. 1971. PhD Thesis: Alpine grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the southern alps of Canterbury, New Zealand University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
↑Harper, G. M. 1972. MSc Thesis: The life history and laboratory rearing of Phaulacridium marginale (Walker)(Orthoptera: Acrididae). University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
↑Morris, S.J. 2005. Setting up of monitoring sites for Brachaspis robustus in the Mackenzie Basin. Department of Conservation, New Zealand.
↑Morris, S.J. Grasshopper Identification Sheet - Brachaspis robustus. Department of Conservation, Alexandra, New Zealand.
↑ 11,011,111,211,3White, E.G. 1994: Ecological research and monitoring of the protected grasshopper Brachaspis robustus in the Mackenzie Basin. Dept. of Conservation, Wellington, N.Z.
↑Bigelow, R. S. 1967. The grasshoppers of New Zealand, their taxonomy and distribution. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
↑Schori, J. C., Maloney, R. F., Steeves, T. E. & Murray, T. J. (2018) Evidence that reducing mammalian predators is beneficial for threatened and declining New Zealand grasshoppers. DOI 10.1080/03014223.2018.1523201
