Английская Википедия:Brassica
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Automatic taxobox Brassica (Шаблон:IPAc-en) is a genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, mustard plants, or simply brassicas.[1] Crops from this genus are sometimes called cole cropsШаблон:Mdashderived from the Latin caulis, denoting the stem or stalk of a plant.[2]
The genus Brassica is known for its important agricultural and horticultural crops and also includes a number of weeds, both of wild taxa and escapees from cultivation. Brassica species and varieties commonly used for food include bok choy, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, choy sum, kohlrabi, napa cabbage, rutabaga, turnip and some seeds used in the production of canola oil and the condiment mustard. Over 30 wild species and hybrids are in cultivation, plus numerous cultivars and hybrids of cultivated origin. Most are seasonal plants (annuals or biennials), but some are small shrubs. Brassica plants have been the subject of much scientific interest for their agricultural importance. Six particular species (B. carinata, B. juncea, B. oleracea, B. napus, B. nigra, and B. rapa) evolved by the combining of chromosomes from three earlier species, as described by the triangle of U theory.
The genus is native to Western Europe, the Mediterranean and temperate regions of Asia. Many wild species grow as weeds, especially in North America, South America, and Australia.
A dislike for cabbage or broccoli may result from the fact that these plants contain a compound similar to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), which is either bitter or tasteless to people depending on their taste buds.[3]
Uses
Food
The flowers, seeds, stalks, and tender leaves of many species of Brassica can be eaten raw or cooked.[4] Almost all parts of some species have been developed for food, including the root (swede, turnip), stems (kohlrabi), leaves (cabbage, collard greens, kale), flowers (cauliflower, broccoli, romanesco broccoli), buds (Brussels sprouts, cabbage), and seeds (many, including mustard seed, and oil-producing rapeseed). Some forms with white or purple foliage or flowerheads are also sometimes grown for ornament.
Brassica species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species—see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Brassica.
Cooking
Boiling substantially reduces the levels of broccoli glucosinolates, while other cooking methods, such as steaming, microwaving, and stir frying, have no significant effect on glucosinolate levels.[5]
Species
The following species are accepted:[6] Шаблон:Div col
- Brassica assyriaca Шаблон:Small
- Brassica aucheri Шаблон:Small
- Brassica baldensis Шаблон:Small
- Brassica balearica Шаблон:Small – Mallorca cabbage
- Brassica barrelieri Шаблон:Small
- Brassica beytepeensis Шаблон:Small
- Brassica bourgeaui Шаблон:Small
- Brassica cadmea Шаблон:Small
- Brassica carinata Шаблон:Small – Abyssinian mustard or Abyssinian cabbage, used to produce biodiesel
- Brassica cretica Шаблон:Small
- Brassica deflexa Шаблон:Small
- Brassica deserti Шаблон:Small
- Brassica desnottesii Шаблон:Small
- Brassica dimorpha Шаблон:Small
- Brassica elongata Шаблон:Small – elongated mustard
- Brassica fruticulosa Шаблон:Small – Mediterranean cabbage
- Brassica gravinae Шаблон:Small
- Brassica hilarionis Шаблон:Small – St. Hilarion cabbage
- Brassica incana Шаблон:Small
- Brassica insularis Шаблон:Small
- Brassica juncea Шаблон:Small – Indian mustard, brown and leaf mustards, Sarepta mustard
- Brassica loncholoma Шаблон:Small
- Brassica macrocarpa Шаблон:Small
- Brassica maurorum Шаблон:Small
- Brassica montana Шаблон:Small
- Brassica napus Шаблон:Small – rapeseed, rutabaga, Siberian kale
- Brassica nivalis Шаблон:Small
- Brassica oleracea Шаблон:Small – kale, cabbage, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kai-lan, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi
- Brassica oxyrrhina Шаблон:Small
- Brassica procumbens Шаблон:Small
- Brassica rapa Шаблон:Small – Chinese cabbage, turnip, rapini
- Brassica repanda Шаблон:Small
- Brassica rupestris Шаблон:Small
- Brassica setulosa Шаблон:Small
- Brassica somalensis Шаблон:Small
- Brassica souliei Шаблон:Small
- Brassica spinescens Шаблон:Small
- Brassica taiwanensis Шаблон:Small
- Brassica taurica Шаблон:Small
- Brassica trichocarpa Шаблон:Small
- Brassica tyrrhena Шаблон:Small
- Brassica villosa Шаблон:Small
Species formerly placed in Brassica
- B. alba or B. hirta (white or yellow mustard)—see Sinapis alba
- B. geniculata (hoary mustard)—see Hirschfeldia incana
- B. kaber (wild mustard or charlock)—see Rhamphospermum arvense
- B. nigra —see Rhamphospermum nigrum
Genome sequencing and genetics
Bayer CropScience (in collaboration with BGI-Shenzhen, China; KeyGene; the Netherlands and the University of Queensland, Australia) announced it had sequenced the entire genome of rapeseed (canola, Brassica napus) and its constituent genomes present in B. rapa and B. oleracea in 2009.[7] The B. rapa genome was sequenced by the Multinational Brassica Genome Project in 2011.[8] This also represents the A genome component of the amphidiploid crop species B. napus and B. juncea.
Etymology
'Brassica' was Pliny the Elder's name for several cabbage-like plants.[9]
References
External links
Шаблон:Brassica Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокWordnik – caulisне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокOverfield1995не указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокPOWO_30043511-2не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокBayer Sequence Genome of Canolaне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокWang et al 2011не указан текст - ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN (hardback), Шаблон:ISBN (paperback). pp 76
