Английская Википедия:Braunvieh
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Merge from Шаблон:Infobox cattle breed
The Braunvieh (German, "brown cattle") or Swiss Brown is a breed or group of breeds of domestic cattle originating in Switzerland and distributed throughout the Alpine region.Шаблон:R It falls within the "Brown Mountain" group of cattle breeds.Шаблон:R The Swiss Braunvieh was originally a triple-purpose animal, used for milk production, for meat and for draught work; the modern Braunvieh is predominantly a dairy breed.Шаблон:R
In the latter part of the nineteenth century cattle of this type were exported to the United States, where they were selectively bred for dairy qualities only, and developed into a distinct breed, the American Brown Swiss.Шаблон:R From about 1960 the Braunvieh was extensively cross-bred with these American cattle, such that over 75% of the genetic make-up of the Swiss Braunvieh is from the American breed. Small numbers of the original breed, unaffected by cross-breeding, are registered as Original Schweizer Braunvieh or Original Braunvieh.Шаблон:R
History
The Braunvieh derives from the grey-brown mountain cattle raised from mediaeval times in the Swiss canton of Schwyz in Central Switzerland. Documents from the late fourteenth century at the Monastery of Einsiedeln record the export of such cattle to Vorarlberg, now part of Austria.Шаблон:R The first known herd book for a cattle breed was that kept at the monastery for the Braunvieh from 1775 to 1782.Шаблон:R A description from 1795 of Schwyzer cattle calls them the largest and finest of the country.Шаблон:R
Braunvieh were shown at the Exposition Universelle of 1855 in Paris, and at the International Exhibition of 1862 in London.Шаблон:R
The Schwyz and two other breeds of Alpine brown cattle were recognised in 1875, and in 1879 the three were combined into a single herd book with the name Schweizerische Braunvieh.Шаблон:R In 1897 a breeders' association, the Шаблон:Lang, was founded in Bünzen, in the canton of Aargau.Шаблон:R
Between 1967 and 1998 there was substantial cross-breeding with the American Brown Swiss with the aim of improving milk yield, physical size, and udder conformation.Шаблон:R In Germany what began as a programme of improvement became in effect a programme of substitution; by 1994 the genetic contribution of the Brown Swiss to the Braunvieh had reached 60%.Шаблон:R
The Original Braunvieh
In Switzerland some breeders had continued to breed the traditional type of dual-purpose Braunvieh, and this was formalised as the Schweizer Original Braunvieh in 1993.Шаблон:R It is registered in the same herd book as the modern-type Braunvieh, but has different breeding aims. Efforts to preserve the original Braunvieh type had begun in Germany in 1988 with the formation of the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:R In Italy it is known as the Bruna Italiana Vecchio Ceppo.Шаблон:R
In other countries
The Braunvieh has given rise to several European cattle breeds in the Alpine region, in Austria, in Germany, in Italy and in Spain, as well as the Brown Swiss in the United States.Шаблон:R
The Montafon of the southern Vorarlberg of Austria was of medium weight, muscular, usually brown with a pale dorsal stripe. In 1923 the name was changed to Voralberger Braunvieh.Шаблон:R
The Bruna Alpina or Bruna Italiana is distributed throughout Italy. Braunvieh were imported from central Switzerland from the sixteenth century, and diffused from the Alpine valleys into the flat country of Lombardy and the Veneto – where they rapidly supplanted the mostly red-coated local breeds – and then further south as far as Calabria.Шаблон:R In 1950 it was still the principal dairy breed of Italy, before the Frisona Italiana, the Italian Holstein-Friesian breed, achieved dominance. In Sardinia, Bruna bulls were used to cover local cows, leading to the creation of the tough and productive Sardo-Bruna.Шаблон:R
Braunvieh exported to the United States from about 1870 were bred exclusively for milk production, and developed into the modern American Brown Swiss.Шаблон:R
Characteristics
The Braunvieh is a uniform brown or grey-brown in color; the nose is black and encircled by a pale ring. The horns are pale with dark points. Cows weigh some Шаблон:Val, with a height at the withers in the range Шаблон:Val;Шаблон:R bulls weigh on average Шаблон:Val, with an average height of Шаблон:Val.Шаблон:R
Use
The Braunvieh is a dairy breed. Depending on location, milk production ranges between Шаблон:Val (in mountain regions) and Шаблон:Val litres per year.Шаблон:Citation needed
See also
References
Шаблон:Commonscat Шаблон:Reflist
Шаблон:Cattle breeds of Switzerland Шаблон:Cattle breeds of Italy Шаблон:Cattle breeds of Germany Шаблон:Authority control
