Английская Википедия:Breastfeeding in Islam
Шаблон:Fiqh Breastfeeding is highly regarded in Islam. The Qur'an regards it as a sign of love between the mother and child. In Islamic law, breastfeeding creates ties of milk kinship (known as raḍāʿ or riḍāʿa (Шаблон:Lang-ar Шаблон:IPA-ar)) that has implications in family law.[1][2] Muslims throughout the world have varied breastfeeding traditions.
Quran and hadith
Several Qur'anic verses, all dating from the Medinan period, lay down the Islamic ethic of breastfeeding [3]Шаблон:Rp Шаблон:Cite Quran and Шаблон:Cite Quran refer to the nursing of Islamic prophet Moses to emphasize the loving bond between baby Moses and his mother.[3]Шаблон:Rp Breastfeeding is implied as a basic Maternal bond in Шаблон:Cite Quran, which considers a mother neglecting nursing of her child as an unusual sign.[3]Шаблон:Rp
Breastfeeding is considered a basic right of every infant, according to the Qur'an.[4]Шаблон:Rp Шаблон:Cite Quran. In the case where the child's mother has been divorced by the child's father before or after delivery within the breastfeeding period, the Qur'an also calls on fathers to sponsor the child's nursing by providing food and clothing for the child's mother for duration of breastfeeding, although it allows for earlier weaning of the child by mutual consent of both mother and father.[3]Шаблон:Rp The same verse also allows for motherly breastfeeding to be substituted by wet nursing.[3]Шаблон:Rp Шаблон:Cite Quran expects the father of the child to be generous towards the wet nurse.[5]Шаблон:Rp
The Quran regards ties due to milk kinship similar to ties due to blood kinship.[5]Шаблон:Rp Therefore Шаблон:Cite Quran prohibits a man from having sexual relations with his "milk mother" or "milk sister";[3]Шаблон:Rp hadith explain that the wet-nurse's husband is also included as a milk kin,[5]Шаблон:Rp eg. a woman may not marry her wet-nurse's husband. According to scholars, this prohibition is not found in the Jewish and Christian tradition, though it is found in matrilineal groups.[3]Шаблон:Rp
In Islamic law
Breastfeeding is considered one of the most fundamental rights of a child in Islamic law.[4]Шаблон:Rp Muslim jurists have given extensive treatment to this topic, for example Al-Mawardi (d. 1058) wrote an entire treatise Kitab al-rada on the topic of breastfeeding.[4] This includes the specifics related to the right of being breastfed, as well as implications of breastfeeding on prohibiting marriage between individuals related by milk kinship.
Right to breastfeeding
The right to be breastfed is considered one of the most important rights of a child in Islamic law.[4] If the mother is unable to breastfeed the child, then the father must pay a wet nurse to do so.[6] If the parents of the child are divorced, the father must compensate his former wife with payments during breastfeeding.[7] The Jafaris further opine that a mother has the right to compensation for breastfeeding even if the parents are married.[6] However, the Sunni schools of thought disagree, arguing the father is not obligated to pay the mother if the two are divorced;[6] the wife already has the right to maintenance (food and clothing) under Islamic law.[8]
Some opinions hold that a mother has the right to breastfeed her children, but can choose not to if she wishes.[8] This is an extension of the general principle, in Islamic law, that a mother has the right to raise her children, but she may renounce this right as it is not her duty.[8]
Milk kinship for infants
The Qur'an regards breastfeeding to establish milk kinship which has implications for marriage.
Islamic jurisprudence extensively discusses the precise delineation of which relationships are subject to prohibition once the milk relationship is established. Shi'ite Islam also prohibits marriage to the consanguineous kin of a milk-parent as per the Qur'an. In Shi'ite societies, the wet nurse was always from a subordinate group, so that marriage to her kin would not have been likely. Texts mentioned that Ahmad ibn Hanbal, founder of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence, also dealt with similar questions.[9]
The minimum number of sucklings necessary to establish the milk-kinship, has been the subject of extensive debate. For the adherents of older schools of law, such as the Malikis and Hanafis, one suckling was enough. Others, such as the Shafiʿis, maintain that the minimum number was five or ten, arguing that a Qur'ānic verse had once stipulated this number until had been abrogated from the Qur'ānic text, but the ruling was still in place. Imam Malik, however, believed that the ruling was abrogated along with the wording.[10][11]
Adult suckling
The following tradition (hadith) treats both this topic as well as that of radāʿ al-kabīr, or suckling of an adult or breastfeeding an adult and number of sucklings: Шаблон:Quote
For most jurists (Ibn Hazm being one prominent exception), the bar to marriage was effective only if the nursling was an infant. Yet even these allowed that a new relationship resulted between the two; Ibn Rushd, for example, ruled that the woman could now comport herself more freely in front of the nursed adult male, such as appearing before him unveiled.[12] The famous traditionist Muhammad al-Bukhari was forced to resign his position of mufti and leave the city of Bukhara after ruling that two nurslings who suckled from the same farm animal became milk-siblings.[13]
See also
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Harv
- ↑ G. J. H. van Gelder, Close Relationships: Incest and Inbreeding in Classical Arabic Literature, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 93
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Harv
- ↑ John Burton, The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation, Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 156–158
- ↑ Burton, Naskh, Encyclopaedia of Islam
- ↑ Шаблон:Harv
- ↑ Giladi, Infants, Parents and Wet Nurses, p. 69
Further reading
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Fatwas
- Islam-related controversies
- Breastfeeding
- Kinship and descent
- Islamic terminology
- Wet nursing
- Islamic family law
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