Английская Википедия:Bregenz

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement Bregenz (Шаблон:IPA-de; Шаблон:Lang-gsw Шаблон:IPA-gsw) is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost state of Austria. The city lies on the east and southeast shores of Lake Constance, the third-largest freshwater lake in Central Europe, between Switzerland in the west and Germany in the northwest.

Bregenz is located on a plateau falling in a series of terraces to the lake at the foot of Pfänder mountain. It is a junction of the arterial roads from the Rhine valley to the German Alpine foothills, with cruise ship services on Lake Constance.

It is famous for the annual summer music festival Bregenzer Festspiele, as well as the dance festival Bregenzer Spring.

History

Файл:De Merian Sueviae 068.jpg
Bregenz, Chalcography by Caspar Merian, about 1650

The first settlements date from 1500 BC. The Brigantii are mentioned by Strabo as a Celtic sub-tribe in this region of the Alps.[1] In the 5th century BC, the Celts settled at Brigantion, which became one of their most heavily fortified locations. After a series of battles in 15 BC, the Romans conquered Brigantion and the city became a Roman camp. It was conferred the status of a municipality (Brigantium) around 50 AD and was the seat of the Roman admiralty for Lake Constance. In 259/60 Brigantium was destroyed by the Alemanni, Germanic peoples who settled in the area in around 450.

From 610 to 612 Saint Columbanus and Saint Gall worked as missionaries in Bregenz. From 917 onwards the castle served as a residence of the Udalrichinger (ruling dynasty of Vorarlberg), who called themselves Counts of Bregenz. The house died out around 1150. The son of the first Ulrich was Saint Gebhard, born in 947. He became the Bishop of Konstanz. In around 1170 Hugo of Tübingen (Montfort) founded a town settlement (first documented in 1249), enlarged it in the 13th and 14th centuries and from 1650 to 1652.[2]

The city was sold in 1451, and again in 1523, to the Habsburgs and continued under Austrian rule, with a brief occupation by Swedish forces under Carl Gustaf Wrangel during the 30 Years' War, until the 19th century. Bregenz was under Bavarian rule from 1805 to 1814. From 1842 to 1850, the harbour on Lake Constance was built, then enlarged in 1883 and from 1889 to 1891, and Austrian ship service was inaugurated in 1884. Railway services have existed since 1872, and since 1884 across the Arlberg massif.

Since 1726, Bregenz has been the main seat of Austrian administration in Vorarlberg (Obervogtei, in 1786 Kreisamt, since 1861 seat of the Landtag, since 1918 seat of the Landeshauptmann). Rieden-Vorkloster and Fluh were incorporated into Bregenz in 1919 and 1946, respectively. The town was bombed by the Allies in 1945, and 72 houses were destroyed.

Largest groups of foreign residents[3]
Nationality Population
Шаблон:Flag 1,329
Шаблон:Flag 1,035
Шаблон:Flag 422
Шаблон:Flag 396
Шаблон:Flag 223

Population

<timeline> Colors= 

 id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
 id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.7)
 id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)
 id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8)

ImageSize = width:650 height:300 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:30000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:2500 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1000 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

BarData= 

 bar:1869 text: 1869
 bar:1880 text: 1880
 bar:1890 text: 1890
 bar:1900 text: 1900
 bar:1910 text: 1910
 bar:1923 text: 1923
 bar:1934 text: 1934
 bar:1939 text: 1939
 bar:1951 text: 1951
 bar:1961 text: 1961
 bar:1971 text: 1971
 bar:1981 text: 1981
 bar:1991 text: 1991
 bar:2001 text: 2001
 bar:2006 text: 2006
 bar:2011 text: 2011

PlotData= 

 color:barra width:25 align:left
 bar:1869 from:0 till: 5223 
 bar:1880 from:0 till: 6691 
 bar:1890 from:0 till: 9576 
 bar:1900 from:0 till: 11455 
 bar:1910 from:0 till: 13687 
 bar:1923 from:0 till: 13289 
 bar:1934 from:0 till: 14999 
 bar:1939 from:0 till: 15098 
 bar:1951 from:0 till: 20277 
 bar:1961 from:0 till: 21428 
 bar:1971 from:0 till: 23179 
 bar:1981 from:0 till: 24561 
 bar:1991 from:0 till: 27097 
 bar:2001 from:0 till: 26752 
 bar:2006 from:0 till: 27035 
 bar:2011 from:0 till: 27831

PlotData= 

 bar:1869 at: 5223 fontsize:S text: 5.223 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1880 at: 6691 fontsize:S text: 6.691 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1890 at: 9576 fontsize:S text: 9.576 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1900 at: 11455 fontsize:S text: 11.455 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1910 at: 13687 fontsize:S text: 13.687 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1923 at: 13289 fontsize:S text: 13.289 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1934 at: 14999 fontsize:S text: 14.999 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1939 at: 15098 fontsize:S text: 15.098 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1951 at: 20277 fontsize:S text: 20.277 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1961 at: 21428 fontsize:S text: 21.428 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1971 at: 23179 fontsize:S text: 23.179 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1981 at: 24561 fontsize:S text: 24.561 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:1991 at: 27097 fontsize:S text: 27.097 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:2001 at: 26752 fontsize:S text: 26.752 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:2006 at: 27035 fontsize:S text: 27.035 shift:(-10,5)
 bar:2011 at: 27784 fontsize:S text: 27.831 shift:(-10,5)

TextData= 

 fontsize:S pos:(20,20)
 text:"Quelle: Statistik Austria"

</timeline>

Файл:Bregenz Pfaender.jpg
The Pfänder, a panoramic point of Bregenz.
Файл:MartinsturmBregenz.JPG
The Martinsturm, built in 1601.
Файл:FestspielHaus6.JPG
Congress and Culture Center.
Файл:HerzJesuKirche12.JPG
Sacred Heart Church.
Файл:Bregenz-oberstadt.jpg
Ancient city wall, upper town.
Файл:Kornmarktstraße 3 Kunsthaus, 1.JPG
Kunsthaus Bregenz
Файл:Vorarlberg museum in Bregenz 3.JPG
Vorarlberg museum

Main sights

Upper town

  • Remains from the 13th and 16th centuries
  • Town walls
  • Old town hall (1662)
  • Martinsturm (Martin's Tower). Originally built by the Romans, it has a chapel with frescoes dating from 1362. Between 1599 and 1601 an additional storey was added. It has the largest bulb-shaped Baroque steeple in Central Europe, and houses the Museum of Military History.
  • Gothic parish church of St Gall: its Romanesque foundations date from before 1380, but it was rebuilt around 1480. Around 1737 it was converted to a Baroque style.
  • Herz-Jesu parish church (1905–1908).

Lower town

  • Town hall, built in 1686 (façade from 1898)
  • Gothic Seekapelle (Lake Chapel)
  • Landhaus (built from 1973 to 1982 by W. Holzbauer)
  • Former Kornhausmarkt (built 1838 to 1940, altered 1951 to 1955); it now houses a theatre.
  • Protestant church of the Sacred Cross (1862–1864)
  • Church of St Kolumban (1962–1966)
  • Kunsthaus Bregenz (1991–1997) (modern art museum)
  • Tourismushaus (tourist centre) (1994–1998).

Sights in the district of Vorkloster include the Maria Hilf parish church (1925–1931, by C. Holzmeister, interior from 1980) and the Cistercian monastery of Mehrerau.

On the Gebhardsberg rock are remains of the fortress of Hohenbregenz (destroyed by the Swedes in 1647).

Businesses and services

Government

Bregenz is the seat of the Vorarlberg State Assembly (Landtag), and of most of the provincial authorities/institutions of Vorarlberg (e.g. school superintendent, police headquarters, department of human resources development (AMS), Office for Environmental Protection, Chamber of Labour, Economics Chamber, Chamber of Agriculture, Chamber of Pharmacists, military regional headquarters, military garrison, one of the main hospitals of the province (Landeskrankenhaus), as well as a sanatorium, farmers' health and social insurance office, VLV (Mutual Fire Insurance Institute).

Consulates

A consulate-general of Turkey,[4] and honorary consulates of Belarus, France, Germany, Hungary, Norway, and Switzerland are located in Bregenz. Honorary consulates of Finland and the United Kingdom are located in nearby Lauterach, and an honorary consulate of Brazil in nearby Hard.[5]

Schools and the arts

Bregenz is home to four Gymnasium secondary schools, a commercial college (HAK), a technical college (HTL), upper secondary business schools (Höhere Lehranstalt für wirtschaftliche Berufe), three Berufsschulen (vocational schools), crafts colleges, the Academy of Social Sciences, and a nursing school. Others include: an adult education centre, school boarding houses, state archives, a state library, a state museum, Kunsthaus Bregenz (modern arts centre), Künstlerhaus (art centre), Thurn und Taxis Palace, five monasteries, Heimatwerk (autonomous institution fostering the manufacturing of traditional craft products), and various newspapers.

Public facilities

Festival and Congress centre, Theater am Kornmarkt, casino, harbour for sailing boats and yachts, cable car up onto the Pfänder mountain.

Economy

The economy is mainly dominated by small businesses in the services, trade and industry sectors: these include the textile industry (Wolford AG), fittings manufacturer Julius Blum GmbH, glass processing and machine construction.

Bi-seasonal tourism is important; a major attraction is the Bregenz Festival (since 1946, floating stage since 1949, modernised in 1979, Festival and Congress Hall in 1980), winter sports on the Pfänder mountain.

Culture

Bregenzer Festspiele

Шаблон:Main

The annual summer music festival Bregenzer Festspiele is world-famous, taking place in July and August each year on and around a stage on Lake Constance. This festival attracts more than 150,000 people every year to Bregenz (2011: 166,453, 2016: 159,172) and has a budget of around EUR 20 million.[6] The program changes every two years.

In addition to the performances on the lake stage, orchestral concerts and operas also take place in the adjacent festival theatre. There is also a children's and youth program during and before the beginning of the festival.

The lake stage (Seebühne) is the largest open-air lake stage theatre in the world, with an audience capacity of around 7,000.[7]

Bregenz Jazz Festival

Since 2014, the Bregenz Jazz Festival has been held every year in June at the Kornmarktplatz. It is the successor of the New Orleans Festival, which took place from 1999 to 2013, during the early summer, in the inner city of Bregenz, and which was no longer supported by the initiator Markus Linder. In addition to the change of name, there was also a musical genre change from blues to jazz. The location and the timing stayed roughly the same.[8]

Bregenzer Frühling

Since 1987, Bregenzer Spring, a dance festival, has been held every year between March and June in the Festival Hall of Bregenz (Festspielhaus).[9] Dance ensembles from all over the world perform their new productions, along with Austrian premieres.[10] With a budget of around EUR 500,000 and up to 10,000 visitors, Bregenzer Spring is one of the most important dance festivals in Austria.[11]

Others

Climate

Шаблон:Weather box Шаблон:Weather box

Sport

Notable people

Public service & commerce

Файл:Wolf-Dietrich von Raitenau P1380516.JPG
Wolf-Dietrich von Raitenau, 1589
Файл:JodokFinkBregenz2.jpg
Statue of Jodok Fink in Bregenz, 2008

The Arts

Файл:Karl-Michael Vogler.jpg
Karl-Michael Vogler, 2003

Sport

  • Max Sick (Maxick) (1882–1961), German strongman and gymnast
  • Patrick Ortlieb (born 1967), former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist
  • Aleksandar Đorđević (born 1981), an Austrian footballer with over 300 club caps

Twin towns

Bregenz is twinned with:

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:Principal cities of Austria Шаблон:Austrian Seats Шаблон:Cities and towns in Bregenz (district) Шаблон:List of European capitals by region

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Strabo, Geographia Book IV Chap. 6
  2. ↑ B. Bilgeri, Bregenz, Geschichte der Stadt, Bd. 1, Wien-München, 1980
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Catholic Encyclopedia
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Bregenz&oldid=13625639