Английская Википедия:Bremer River (Queensland)

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Шаблон:Use Australian English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox river The Bremer River is a river that is a tributary of the Brisbane River, located in the Scenic Rim and Brisbane regions of South East Queensland, Australia. The Шаблон:Convert-long Bremer River drains several Scenic Rim valleys in south-east Queensland, including the Fassifern Valley, with its catchment area covering approximately Шаблон:Convert. Most valleys within the catchment have extensive river terraces. The Bremer River system is extremely degraded.

European explorers John Oxley and Allan Cunningham visited the river in 1824 and it was first named by Oxley as Bremer's Creek presumably after Captain James Gordon Bremer who was in charge of Шаблон:HMS, at that time performing duties in the waters of the colony of New South Wales.

Course and features

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Upper river at Rosevale, 2011

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Churchbank Weir on Warrill Creek, 2015

The Bremer rises in the hills of the Scenic Rim, passes close to the town of Rosewood and winds through the city of Ipswich. The catchment area is bordered by the Little Liverpool Range to the west, with the Main Range lying to the south and south-west. Towards the east is Flinders Peak and the Flinders Peak Group. The river has a number of tributaries including Deebing Creek, Bundamba Creek, Purga Creek, Reynolds Creek, Warrill Creek, Western Creek and Franklin Vale Creek. The town of Grandchester is situated on Western Creek and Rosevale was settled on the upper reaches. Its length is about Шаблон:Convert.

History

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Bremer River at Ipswich in 1872

The Bremer River was known as The Urarrar meaning Red Stemmed Gum Trees in Yugararpul language according to The Queenslander (Brisbane, Qld,: 1866-1939), Thursday 18 January 1934, page 13. A tree grown along the banks of the ancient river. The river possessed spirit creatures called Bunyips, better known as Mundaguttas according to Ugarapul Elder Evelyn Dodds who drawings are displayed along the River of the creatures.

The first sighting of the Bremer River by Europeans was made by John Oxley and Allan Cunningham on 19 September 1824 as they explored the Brisbane River.Шаблон:Rp On their return journey six days later the exploration party camped on the opposite side of the river where the tributary entered the main stream. Shortly after Oxley began to refer to the tributary as the Bremer River but didn't specify from who the name was derived from.Шаблон:Rp It has been assumed to be named in honour of James Gordon Bremer, a naval officer on HMS Tamar. No attempt to explore the Bremer was made at this time. Edmund Lockyer passed through the area in 1825, noting the junction of the Bremer, referring to it as Bremer's Creek but he did not explore it. The first European to travel along the river was Captain Patrick Logan who in either late 1826 or early 1827 investigated the Bremer. He discovered deposits of limestone at the site of what was to become Ipswich.Шаблон:Rp Upstream from there the river became shallow and rocky, so Logan did not explore further.

The upper reaches of the river were explored by Alan Cunningham in 1828 while he was searching for a route to the Darling Downs. Cunningham made measurements and produced a map which he sent to Governor Darling.Шаблон:Rp

The first steam vessel on the river was the Experiment on 18 June 1846 after spending the night stranded on a mud band at Goodna.Шаблон:Rp

In 1863 an immigration depot was built on the north bank of the Bremer, after residents of Ipswich petitioned for a depot to alleviate a shortage of labour.Шаблон:Rp Immigrants were brought to Ipswich by paddle steamer. The depot was sometimes overcrowded and continued to operate until 1900.

Before the railway line from Ipswich to Brisbane was completed in 1875, the river served as an important navigation route between the two towns.

The Bremer Catchment Association was established in 1995.Шаблон:Rp The group engages small community groups in projects such as weed control and tree planting.

Degradation

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The river at Basin Pocket, 2015

Industrial waste has flowed into the river soon after the catchment was settled. Photos from 1870 show the riverbanks cleared of vegetation. This may have been from the cutting of timber or because an engineer had encouraged the clearing of trees close to the river because when they fell into the river they dragged earth with them, creating an obstacle for steamers in an already narrow channel.Шаблон:Rp

The slow-flowing river system is known to flood and is considered to be heavily polluted, suffering from poor water quality. The Bremer as a river suffers from low flows in drought conditions and outflow constrictions from the tidal Шаблон:Clarify span, which means water and contaminants have a high residency period catchment and only really flush in high flows or floods. This results in poor water quality with high levels of turbidity, high nutrient levels and high levels of bacteria, especially where sewage and drain runoff from the city of Ipswich is discharged into the river.Шаблон:Citation needed

Coordinated attempts to improve water quality began after the establishment of the Water Quality Council in 1973. Testing revealed the worst pollution came from woollen mills and meatworks at Dinmore, where organic waste entered the river untreated.Шаблон:Rp

Land degradation was identified as a serious problem in the catchment after a Department of Primary Industries survey was conducted in 1979. Riparian vegetation has been nearly completely removed and the banks are now weed-infested. Downstream the river suffers from not only sewage and farming runoff but also abattoir effluent.

In 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 the Healthy Waterways annual assessment of water quality rated the Bremer River an F, the lowest grading possible. The Ipswich City Council has responded by increasing fines for allowing pollutants to contaminate the river. In 2013 and 2014 the Bremer River's water quality rating improved slightly to a D−. The 2015 the Healthy Waterways assessment included additional measures in the environmental grades, resulting in grades that are not directly comparable to previous years. The Bremer River was given a D− for 2015.

Heavy metals including mercury, chromium, nickel and cadmium were found in Warrill Creek, a tributary of the Bremer, in 2009. The source of the contamination was discharge from the RAAF Base Amberley. The contaminates did not reach the Bremer River itself. In 2010, the Ipswich City Council and the International Riverfoundation launched a fund to help clean up the river.

The worst pest species was the introduced water hyacinth, which sometimes was so dense it blocked boats. Severe outbreaks occurred in 1917, 1935—36, 1941 and 1965.Шаблон:Rp

Water supply

Moogerah Dam was built in the upper reaches of Reynolds Creek. The dam provides potable water for towns such as Boonah and is an irrigation source for crop farmers and those grazing cattle.

See also

• Шаблон:Section link

Further reading

• Шаблон:Citation

External links

• State of the River Report
• Шаблон:Cite book Available online: Part 1 (archived), Part 2 (archived), Part 3 (archived)