Английская Википедия:Brest, Belarus

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Brest, formerly Brest-Litovsk and Brest-on-the-Bug,Шаблон:Efn is a city in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish town of Terespol, where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet, making it a border town. It serves as the administrative center of Brest Region and Brest District, though it is administratively separated from the district.[1] As of 2023, it has a population of 342,461.[1]

Brest is one of the oldest cities in Belarus and a historical site for many cultures, as it hosted important historical events, such as the Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Furthermore, the Brest Fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as a Hero Fortress in honour of the defense of Brest Fortress in June 1941.

In the High Middle Ages, the city often passed between Poland, Kievan Rus' principalities and Lithuania. From the Late Middle Ages to 1795, the city was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which later became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569. In 1795, it was incorporated into the Russian Empire with the Third Partition of Poland. After the Polish-Soviet War, the city became part of the Second Polish Republic. In 1939, the city was captured by Nazi Germany during the invasion of Poland and then transferred to the Soviet Union per the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. In 1941, it was retaken by the Germans during Operation Barbarossa. In 1944, it was retaken by the Soviet Red Army during the Lublin–Brest offensive.[2] The city was part of the Byelorussian SSR until the breakup of the USSR in 1991. Since then, Brest has been part of independent Belarus.

Etymology

Several theories attempt to explain the origin of the city's name. The name could originate from Slavic root berest meaning "elm". It could likewise have come from the Lithuanian word brasta meaning "ford".[3]

Traditionally, Belarusian-speakers called the city Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), similar to the Ukrainian name Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang).

Once a center of Jewish scholarship, the city has the Yiddish name Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), hence the term "Brisker" used to describe followers of the influential Soloveitchik family of rabbis.

Brest became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1319.[4] In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569, the town became known in Polish as Шаблон:Lang, historically Шаблон:Lang (literally: "Lithuanian Brest", in contradistinction to Brześć Kujawski). Шаблон:Lang became part of the Russian Empire under the name Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-ru, Шаблон:Lang, literally "Lithuanian Brest") in the course of the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. After World War I, and the rebirth of Poland in 1918, the government of the Second Polish Republic renamed the city as Шаблон:Lang ("Brest on the Bug") on 20 March 1923.[5] After World War II, the city became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic with the name simplified as Brest.

Brest's coat of arms, adopted on 26 January 1991, features an arrow pointed upwards and a bow (both silver) on a sky-blue shield. An alternative coat of arms has a red shield. Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, first granted Brest a coat of arms in 1554.

History

Файл:Brest Lm.jpg
In 1019, Brest was first mentioned in chronicles as "Berestye"

As a town, Brest – Berestye in Kievan Rus – was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in 1019 when the Kievan Rus' took the stronghold from the Poles. It is one of the oldest cities in Belarus.[6] It was hotly contested between the Polish rulers (kings, principal dukes and dukes of Masovia) and Kievan Rus princes. It was recaptured by Poland in 1020, and unsuccessfully besieged by Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev in 1022. It was captured Yaroslav the Wise, according to various sources, either in 1042Шаблон:Sfn or 1044,[7] then by 1076 recaptured by King Bolesław II the Bold of Poland,[7] but then lost again by his successor Władysław I Herman. Afterwards, it often passed between the principalities of Turov and Volhynia.Шаблон:Sfn In 1164, it was briefly captured by Lithuanians.Шаблон:Sfn In 1178, it was captured by Casimir II the Just of Poland, and made the seat of his fraternal nephew Leszek, Duke of Masovia, who, however, soon lost it to the Principality of Minsk. In 1182, Casimir II the Just captured the city once again,Шаблон:Sfn[7] and then granted it as a fief to his sororal nephew Roman the Great the following year. It was laid waste by the Mongols in 1241 (see: First Mongol invasion of Poland), and was not rebuilt until 1275. Possibly since the 1270s, the city was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.[8]

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

In 1319, the city became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Grand Duke Gediminas stayed in the city in the winter of 1319–1320, preparing to capture Kyiv.[7]Шаблон:Sfn In 1349, it was captured by King Casimir III of Poland, however, it was restored to Lithuania in 1352.[9] Its suburbs were burned by the Teutonic Order in 1379. In 1385, it became part of the Polish–Lithuanian union. During the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392), in 1390, the city was captured by Polish forces of Władysław II Jagiełło.[10]

In 1390 Brest became the first city in the lands that now are Belarus to receive Magdeburg rights.

In 1409 it was a meeting place of King Władysław II Jagiełło, Grand Duke Vytautas the Great and Khan Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh under the Polish Deputy Chancellor Mikołaj Trąba's initiative, to prepare for war with the Teutonic Knights, which resulted in the Tatars aiding Poland and Lithuania in the Battle of Grunwald the following year.[7][11]Шаблон:Sfn In 1410 the city mustered a cavalry banner that participated in the Polish-Lithuanian military victory at Grunwald.

In 1419 it became a seat of the starost in the newly created Trakai Voivodeship. Under Władysław II and Vytautas the city was significantly developed and granted privileges similar to those of the Polish city of Lublin.[7]Шаблон:Sfn In 1425, the city hosted a congress attended by Władysław II, Vytautas, dukes of Masovia and Polish and Lithuanian nobles.[12] In 1440, a Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was held in the city, at which Casimir IV Jagiellon was chosen Grand Duke of Lithuania.[7]Шаблон:Sfn In 1446, a meeting of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Polish senators regarding the political affiliation of Volhynia took place in the city, and in 1454 Casimir IV met with Lithuanian nobility to convince them to participate in the Polish–Teutonic War on the side of Poland.[7]Шаблон:Sfn

Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth

Шаблон:Quote box In 1500, it was burned again by Crimean Tatars. From 1513, the city was administratively located in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. In 1566, following the decree of Sigismund II Augustus, a new voivodeship was created – Brest Litovsk Voivodeship.

During the union of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire under king Sigismund III Vasa (Polish–Swedish union), diets were held there. In 1594 and 1596, it was the meeting-place of two remarkable councils of regional bishops of the Roman-Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. The 1596 council established the Uniate Church (also known as the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church in Belarus and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine). A Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was held in the city in 1653.[13] A royal mint was founded in the city by King John II Casimir Vasa in 1665.

Файл:Bieraście Litoŭskaje. Берасьце Літоўскае (E. Dahlbergh, 1657) (2).jpg
Siege of Brest by E. Dahlbergh, 1657

In 1657, and again in 1706, the town and castle were captured by the Swedish Army during its invasions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Then, in an attack from the other direction, on 13 January 1660, the invading Streltsy of the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky took the Brest Castle in an early morning surprise attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1,700 defenders and their families (according to an Austrian observer, Captain Rosestein).

Partitions

On 23 July 1792, the defending Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army, under the leadership of Szymon Zabiełło, and the invading Imperial Russian Army fought a battle near Brześć. On 19 September 1794, the area between Brest and Terespol was the site of another battle won by the Russian invaders led by Alexander Suvorov over a Polish-Lithuanian division under General Karol Sierakowski. Thereafter, Brest was annexed by Russia when the Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time in 1795.

19th century to World War I

During Russian rule in the 19th century, Brest Fortress was built in and around the city. The Russians demolished the Polish Royal Castle and most Old Town "to make room" for the fortress.Шаблон:Citation needed The main Jewish synagogue in the city, the Choral Synagogue, was completed c. 1862.

Файл:Bfc Brest train station.jpg
Brest railway station during World War I, c. 1915

During World War I, the town was captured by the Imperial German Army under August von Mackensen on 25 August 1915, during the Great Retreat of 1915.[14] Shortly after Brest fell into German hands, war poet August Stramm, who has been called "the first of the Expressionists" and one of "the most innovative poets of the First World War,"[15] was shot in the head during an attack on nearby Russian positions on 1 September 1915.

In March 1918, in the Brest Fortress at the confluence of the Bug and Mukhavets rivers on the city' western outskirts, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, ending the war between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers and transferring the city and its surrounding region to the sphere of influence of the German Empire. This treaty was subsequently annulled by the Paris Peace Conference treaties which ended the war and even more so by events and developments in Central and Eastern Europe. During 1918, the city became a part of the Podolia Governorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic as a result of negotiations and own treaty between the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada and Central Powers.[16]

Interwar Poland

Файл:Bieraście, Bulvarny, Bank. Берасьце, Бульварны, Банк (1930) (3).jpg
Bank of Poland between the wars

On 9 February 1919, Polish troops entered the city, and it returned to Poland, which regained independence three months earlier.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During the Polish–Soviet War it was occupied by the Soviet Russians on 1 August 1920,Шаблон:Sfn and recaptured by the Poles on 20 August,Шаблон:Sfn with borders formally recognized by the Treaty of Riga of 1921. In 1921, it became the temporary capital of the Polesie Voivodeship instead of Pińsk.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was renamed Brześć nad Bugiem (Brest on the Bug) on 20 March 1923.

The city was developed significantly and a number of representative public buildings were erected in Neoclassical and Modernist styles, especially at Ulica Unii Lubelskiej (Union of Lublin Street, now Lenin Street), including the Bank of Poland, Tax Chamber, Regional Chamber of the State Control, Healthcare Fund and Voivodeship Office.Шаблон:Sfn Other notable projects include the officials' housing estate, stylistically inspired by historic manor houses of Polish nobility and the garden city movement, and the Warburg Residential Colony, dedicated to poor Jews who had lost their homes in World War I, founded by Felix M. Warburg, chairman of the Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers.Шаблон:Sfn In 1929, city limits were greatly expanded.[17]Шаблон:Sfn

In the twenty years of Poland's sovereignty, of the total of 36 brand new schools established in the city, there were ten public, and five private Jewish schools inaugurated, with Yiddish and Hebrew as the language of instruction. The first-ever Jewish school in Brześć history opened in 1920, almost immediately after Poland's return to independence. In 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of the Brześć population or 21,518 citizens. Some 80.3% of private enterprises were run by Jews.[18][19][20] The Polish Army troops of the 9th Military District along with its headquarters were stationed in Brześć Fortress.

The city had an overwhelmingly Jewish population in the Russian Partition: 30,000 out of 45,000 total population according to Russian 1897 census, which fell to 21,000 out of 50,000 according to the Polish census of 1931.[21][22]

World War II

Файл:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-121-0011A-23, Polen, Siegesparade, Guderian, Kriwoschein.jpg
German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk at the conclusion of the Invasion of Poland. In the centre are Major General Heinz Guderian from the Wehrmacht and Brigadier Semyon Krivoshein from the Red Army.

In early September 1939, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Brześć, and then further southeast to Śniatyn at the Poland-Romania border, from where it was transported via Romania and Turkey to territory controlled by Polish-allied France.[23]

During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, the city was defended by a small garrison of four infantry battalions under General Konstanty Plisowski against General Heinz Guderian's XIX Panzer Corps. After four days of heavy fighting, the Polish forces withdrew southwards on 17 September. The Soviet invasion of Poland began on the same day. As a result, the Soviet Red Army entered the city at the end of September 1939 following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's Secret Protocol, and a joint Nazi-Soviet military parade took place on 22 September 1939. While Belarusians consider it a reunification of the Belarusian nation under one constituency (the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic at that time), Poles consider it the date when the city was lost. During the Soviet control (1939–41), the Polish population was subject to arrests, executions and mass deportations to Siberia and the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Many Poles were imprisoned in the local prison, and then moved to a prison in Minsk.[24] It is suspected that they were murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre in 1940.[24]

Шаблон:Further

Файл:FAMILY PICTURE OF MENAHEM BEGIN (TOP L) WITH SISTER RACHEL AND LATE BROTHER HERZL WITH THEIR PARENTS IN THEIR HOME TOWN IN POLAND. תצלום משפחתי של מנחD690-049.jpg
The Begin family of the Brest-Litovsk Jewish community in 1932. Top left to right Herzl; Menahem; Rachel. In front their parents. Only Menahem and Rachel survived the Holocaust
Файл:אנדרטת בריסק דליטא.jpg
A monument in memory of the Jews of Brest who were murdered in the Holocaust. In Kiryat Shaul cemetery in Tel Aviv

On 22 June 1941, Brest Fortress and the city were attacked by Nazi Germany on the first day of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. The fortress held out for six days. Nearly all its Soviet army defenders perished. The Germans placed Brest under the administration of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. The remaining municipal Jewish population (about 20,000) was sequestered in the Brest ghetto established by the German authorities in December 1941 and later murdered in October 1942. Only seven Jews survived the Nazi executions.[22]

The Germans also operated a Nazi prison, a forced labour "education" camp for men and women, a forced labour camp for Jews, the AGSSt 3 prisoner-of-war assembly center, the Dulag 314 transit POW camp for Italians, the Stalag 397 POW camp for Soviet POWs and a subcamp of the Stalag 360 POW camp in the city.[25][26][27][28]

The Polish resistance movement, including the Polesie District of the Home Army, was active in the city.

The city was liberated from Nazi forces by the Red Army on 28 July 1944.

Post-war period

In 1945, the Związek Obrońców Wolności ("Freedom Defenders Association") Polish resistance organization was founded in the city, with its activities including secret Polish schooling, rescuing historical Polish monuments from devastation and organising aid for repressed people and those in a difficult material situation.[29] The organization was crushed by the NKVD in 1948, and its members were deported to Gulag forced labour camps for 25 years.[29]

In early 2019, a mass grave containing the remains of 1,214 people were found in the Brest Ghetto area during a construction project. Most are believed to have been Jews murdered by Nazis.[30][31]

Geography

Brest lies astride the Mukhavets River which flows west through the city, dividing it into north and south, and meets the Bug River in the Brest Fortress. The river flows slowly and gently. Today the river looks quite broad in Brest. The terrain is fairly flat around Brest. The river has an extremely broad floodplain, that is about Шаблон:Convert across. Brest was subject to flooding in the past. One of the worst floods in recorded history occurred in 1974.Шаблон:Citation needed

Part of the floodplain was reclaimed with hydraulic mining. In the 1980s, big cutter-suction dredgers mined sand and clay from the riverbed to build up the banks.Шаблон:Citation needed

In the 2000s, two new residential areas were developed in the southwest of Brest.

To the east of Brest, the Dnieper–Bug Canal was built in the mid-nineteenth century to join the river to Pina, a tributary of the Pripyat River which in turn drains into the Dnieper. Thus Brest has a shipping route all the way to the Black Sea. If not for a dam and neglected weirs west of Brest, north-western European shipping would be connected with the Black Sea also.

Climate

Brest has a humid continental climate but slightly leans towards oceanic due to the irregular winter temperatures that mostly hover around the freezing point. However, summers are warm and influenced by its inland position compared to areas nearer the Baltic Sea.

Шаблон:Weather box

Points of interest

Файл:Row brest.jpg
Rowing course in Brest
Файл:BFring.jpg
A southern stretch of the ring barracks of the Citadel with a projecting semi-tower on the left

A majestic Soviet-era war memorial was constructed on the site of the 1941 battle to commemorate the known and unknown defenders of the Brest Fortress. This war memorial is the largest tourist attraction in the city. The Berestye Archeological Museum of the old city is located on the southern island of the Hero-Fortress. It has objects and huts dating from the 11th – 13th century that were unearthed during the 1970s.

The Museum of Rescued Art Treasures has a collection of paintings and icons. Brest City Park is over 100 years old and underwent renovations from 2004 to 2006 as part of a ceremony marking the park's centennial. In July 2009, the Millennium Monument of Brest was unveiled. Sovetskaya Street is a popular tourist destination in Brest; it was dramatically reconstructed in 2007–2009. Other important landmarks include the Brest Railway Museum.

Education

Brest is home to two Universities: A.S. Pushkin Brest State University and Brest State Technical University.

Transport

Being situated on the main railway line connecting Berlin and Moscow, and a transcontinental highway (the M1 highway is part of the European route E30 running from Cork to Omsk, where it links with Asian Highway 6 leading to Busan), Brest became a principal border crossing out of the Soviet Union in the postwar era. Today it links the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The city of Brest is served by Brest-Tsentralny railway station. Because of the break-of-gauge at Brest, where the Russian broad gauge meets the European standard gauge, all passenger trains, coming from Poland, must have their bogies replaced here, to travel on across Belarus. The freight must be transloaded from cars of one gauge to cars of another. Some of the land in the Brest rail yards remains contaminated due to the transhipment of radioactive materials here since Soviet days. However, cleanup operations have been taking place.Шаблон:Citation needed

The local airport, Brest Airport (code BQT), operates flights on a seasonal schedule to Kaliningrad[32] in the Russian Federation and seasonal charter flights to Burgas and Antalya.[33]

Sport

Файл:ДАСК "Брэсцкі" - panoramio.jpg
Regional Sport Complex Brestsky, Brest's largest stadium

HC Meshkov Brest isШаблон:When the most successful team of the Belarusian Men's Handball Championship, as well as the Шаблон:As of (2018–19) champions. Also, there is a Women's handball club in Brest – HC Victoria-Berestie.

HK Brest of the Belarusian Extraleague are the local pro hockey team.

The sports venues are located on the northern riverside on the hydraulic fill, consisting of an indoor track-and-field centre, the Brest Ice Rink,[34] and Belarus' first outdoor baseball stadium. On the opposite riverside is a large rowing course opened in 2007, home of the National Center for Olympic Training in Rowing. It meets international requirements and can host international competitions. Moreover, it has accommodation and training facilities, favourable location, Шаблон:Convert away from the border crossing along Warsaw Highway (the European route E30).

Media

There are some newspapers in Brest: Brestskaya Gazeta, Brestskiy Kurier, Vecherniy Brest.

International relations

Шаблон:See also

Sister cities

Sister cities of Brest include:[35] Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Former twin towns:

In March 2022, the Polish city of Biała Podlaska suspended its partnership with Brest as a reaction to the Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[36]

Other forms of cooperation

Brest maintains partnership with:[35] Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Honours

A minor planet, 3232 Brest, discovered by the Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh in 1974, is named after the city.[37]

Notable people

Шаблон:See also
Файл:Menachem Begin 1978.jpg
Menachem Begin

See also

Notes

Explanatory notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer], Irina Yelenskaya, Yelena Pashkovich [et al.] (ed.): Brest. Leto 1941 g. Dokumenty, materiyaly, fotografii. Smolensk: Inbelkul’t, 2016. Шаблон:ISBN [1]

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage Шаблон:Wikisource1911Enc

Шаблон:Brest Voblast Шаблон:Belarus Seats Шаблон:Hero Cities Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок pop не указан текст
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Encyclopedia Lituanica. Boston, Massachusetts, Vol. I, p.409. LCC74-114275
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Kancelaria Sejmu RP (2013), Dz.U. 1923 nr 39 poz. 269 ISAP Archive. Link to PDF document.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Halecki, p. 71
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Halecki, p. 190
  12. ↑ Halecki, p. 229
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Tim Cross (1988) The Lost Voices of World War I, page 124.
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Polish law
  18. ↑ Norman Davies, God's Playground (Polish edition), Second volume, p.512-513
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką, (Polish-Byelorussian relations under the Soviet occupation). Bialorus.pl Шаблон:In lang
  21. ↑ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004, Шаблон:ISBN, Google Print, p.16
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Christopher R. Browning, Nazi policy, Jewish workers, German killers', Google Print, p.124
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite magazine
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Шаблон:Cite magazine
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Andrej Dyńko of Naša Niva released on pledge to report when ordered
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ "They Don't Give Us Dad's Body Without Permission of the Investigative Committee"
  41. ↑ ЦВІКЕВІЧ Аляксандр Іванавіч (Tsvikievich Alyaksandr Ivanavich)(in Belarusian)
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