Английская Википедия:Brian Wilson is a genius
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"Brian Wilson is a genius" is a line that became part of a media campaign spearheaded in 1966 by the Beatles' former press officer Derek Taylor, who was then employed as the Beach Boys' publicist. Although there are earlier documented expressions of the statement, Taylor frequently called Brian Wilson a "genius" as part of an effort to rebrand the Beach Boys and legitimize Wilson as a serious artist on par with the Beatles and Bob Dylan.
With the aid of numerous associates in the music industry, Taylor's promotional efforts were integral to the success of the band's 1966 album Pet Sounds in England. By the end of the year, an NME reader's poll placed Wilson as the fourth-ranked "World Music Personality"—about 1,000 votes ahead of Bob Dylan and 500 behind John Lennon. However, the hype generated for the group's next album, Smile, bore a number of unintended consequences for the band's reputation and internal dynamic. Wilson ultimately scrapped Smile and reduced his involvement with the group.
Wilson later said that the "genius" branding intensified the pressures of his career and led him to become "a victim of the recording industry".[1] As he shied away from the industry in the years afterward, his ensuing legend originated the trope of the "reclusive genius" among studio-oriented musical artists[2] and later inspired comparisons between other musicians such as Pink Floyd's Syd Barrett and My Bloody Valentine's Kevin Shields.[3][4] Шаблон:Toclimit
Background and origins
Brian Wilson wrote the majority of the Beach Boys' hits and was one of the first recording artists allowed to act as an entrepreneurial producer, a position he attained thanks to his immediate success with the band after signing to Capitol Records in 1962.Шаблон:Sfn His talents inspired a number of Los Angeles music industry figures to refer to him as a genius.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn By early 1966, he wanted to move the group beyond their surf and hot rod aesthetic, an image that he believed was outdated and distracting the public from his talents as a producer and songwriter.[5] In Mike Love's description, Wilson sought recognition from the countercultural tastemakers, or the "hip intelligentsia".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Wilson later reflected that "legends grew about ... our music ... and I was getting fascinated with the fact that I was becoming famous and there was an interest in my style of life."Шаблон:Sfn
In the meantime, the Beatles' former press agent Derek Taylor had left the UK and moved to California, where he started his own public relations company.[6] By 1966, he had quickly assimilated into what was then an expanding coterie of Wilson's worldly-minded friends, musicians, mystics, and business advisers.Шаблон:Sfn In the description of music journalist Nick Kent, "Derek Taylor was at that time the single most prestigious figure with whom to have one's name linked in matters of promotion. ... he knew the Beatles and had actually worked with them and Brian Epstein. There could be no more spectacular recommendation."Шаблон:Sfn
Van Dyke Parks, Wilson's lyricist at the time, claimed to have introduced Taylor to Wilson,[7] while biographer David Leaf wrote that it was Bruce Johnston who "set up a meeting for Derek with Brian."Шаблон:Sfn The Beach Boys began employing Taylor as their publicist in March 1966,Шаблон:Sfn two months before the release of their album Pet Sounds, with the group paying him a salary of $750 a month (equivalent to $Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year).Шаблон:Sfn According to Carl Wilson, although the band were aware that trends and the music industry were shifting, "Capitol had a very set picture of us", and the band were unhappy with the way the label promoted them circa Pet Sounds.[8]
According to Taylor, the "genius" promotion came from Brian discussing how "he thought he was better than most other people believed him to be".[9] Taylor recalled one conversation with Brian and Dennis Wilson in which the brothers denied ever writing "surf music or songs about cars or that the Beach Boys had been involved in any way with the surf and drag fads ... they would not concede."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn In Taylor's view, the Beach Boys' clean-cut "all-American" image, instigated by former manager and the Wilsons' father Murry, had "done them a hell of a lot of damage. Brian, in particular, suffered."Шаблон:Sfn He said that the prevailing attitude was that "Brian Wilson was not supposed to be strange", even though that quality was seen as normal for Hollywood people.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
After becoming aware of how highly regarded Wilson was to musician friends such as Parks and singer Danny Hutton, Taylor wondered why it was not the mainstream consensus, and began "putting it around, making almost a campaign out of it".[9] To update the band's image with firsthand accounts of Wilson's latest activities, Taylor's prestige was crucial in offering a credible perspective to those outside Wilson's inner circle. He became intent on promoting Wilson as an exceptional "genius" among pop artists, a belief that he genuinely held.[10]
Contemporary press
Pet Sounds and "Good Vibrations"
One of the earliest instances of Taylor announcing that Wilson was a genius was in his 1966 article titled "Brian Wilson: Whizzkid Behind the Beach Boys".Шаблон:Sfn More references to the "genius" rhetoric appeared in Melody Maker and New Musical Express, specifically the articles "Brian, Pop Genius!" by Don Traynor (May 21, 1966), "Brian Wilson's Puppets?" by Alan Walsh (November 12, 1966), and "Brian: Loved or Loathed Genius" by Tracy Thomas (January 28, 1967).Шаблон:Sfn In Taylor's writings, Wilson was presented as a pop luminary on the level of esteemed contemporaries such as John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Bob Dylan, as well as classical figures such as Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart.[11] What follows is a typical excerpt by Taylor, identified as "'60s Hollywood reporter Jerry Fineman", and contains some exaggerated claims:
Pet Sounds had been widely influential and raised the band's prestige as an innovative rock group.Шаблон:Sfn Taylor is widely recognized as instrumental in the album's success in the UK due to his longstanding connections with the Beatles and other industry figures.Шаблон:Sfn This was at a contrast to its underwhelming sales in the U.S., where its promotion was no different from earlier Beach Boys offerings and relied on the group's familiar public image instead of rebranding.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Although most of the influential writers who had acknowledged the cultural value of Bob Dylan's work were not prepared to devote similar attention the Beach Boys, as biographer Peter Ames Carlin writes, "many musicians [in America] understood the significance of Brian's achievement on the album, as did a few members of the small but increasingly influential band of journalists and intellectuals who had begun to apply serious analytical thought to rock music."Шаблон:Sfn
In May, Taylor and Bruce Johnston traveled to London and arranged listening parties for the album, inviting prestigious musicians (including Lennon and McCartney) and rock journalists. These journalists subsequently helped promulgate the idea of Wilson as a "pop genius" and of the album's forward-thinking aesthetic.Шаблон:Sfn Much of the British and American press also focused on the disparity between Wilson as a "studio mastermind" and the Beach Boys' stage performances.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Rolling Stone founding editor Jann Wenner later reported that British fans identified the Beach Boys as "years ahead" of the Beatles and declared Wilson a "genius".Шаблон:Sfn Musicians who praised Wilson on record included Lennon, Eric Clapton of Cream, Rolling Stones producer Andrew Loog Oldham, Spencer Davis of the Spencer Davis Group, and Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones.[12] Clapton told Melody Maker that "Brian Wilson is without doubt a pop genius."[12]
Throughout the summer of 1966, Wilson concentrated on finishing the group's next single, "Good Vibrations".Шаблон:Sfn Additional writers were brought in as witnesses to his Columbia, Gold Star, and Western recording sessions, who also accompanied him outside the studio. Among the crowd: Rich ard Goldstein from the Village Voice, Jules Siegel from The Saturday Evening Post, and Paul Williams, the 18-year-old founder and editor of Crawdaddy!Шаблон:Sfn Released on October 10, 1966, "Good Vibrations" was the Beach Boys' third U.S. number-one hit, reaching the top of the charts in December, and became their first number one in Britain.Шаблон:Sfn One headline proclaimed that the Beach Boys' British distributor EMI Records were giving the band the "biggest campaign since the Beatles".Шаблон:Sfn
A Los Angeles Times West Magazine piece by Tom Nolan focused on the contradictions between Wilson's unassuming "suburban" demeanor and the reputation that preceded him (noting "he doesn't look at all like the seeming leader of a potentially-revolutionary movement in pop music"). Asked about the future of pop music, Wilson responded, "White spirituals, I think that's what we're going to hear. Songs of faith."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn At the end of 1966, NME conducted a reader's poll that placed Wilson as the fourth-ranked "World Music Personality"—about 1,000 votes ahead of Bob Dylan and 500 behind John Lennon.Шаблон:Sfn The Beach Boys themselves were crowned the top vocal group, ahead of the Beatles. Ringo Starr remarked, "We're all four fans of the Beach Boys. Maybe we voted for them."[12]
Smile and cancellation
Wilson declared in a late 1966 interview that the Beach Boys' next album, Smile, would surpass all of their previous recording efforts.[13] In April 1967, CBS aired the Leonard Bernstein-hosted television special Inside Pop: The Rock Revolution, where Wilson premiered the unreleased song "Surf's Up".Шаблон:Sfn The next month, Taylor announced that Smile had been "scrapped", and the music press subsequently amplified their romanticized depictions of Wilson.Шаблон:Sfn
In October, Cheetah magazine published "Goodbye Surfing, Hello God!", a memoir written by Jules Siegel.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It included a tongue-in-cheek reference to the widespread "genius" rhetoric, with Siegel pondering the question of whether Wilson was "a genius, Genius, or GENIUS". Siegel covered Wilson's struggle to overcome the band's surfing image in the U.S. and credited the collapse of Smile to "an obsessive cycle of creation and destruction that threatened not only his career and his fortune but also his marriage, his friendships, his relationships with the Beach Boys and, some of his closest friends worried, his mind".Шаблон:Sfn
According to academic Kirk Curnett, Siegel's article was "the most instrumental in establishing Brian as mercurial in the broader senses of that term: as an eccentric and erratic artist perilously pursuing the muse instead of blithely serving the masses".Шаблон:Sfn Also discussing the article, professor Andrew Flory wrote:
Impact on Wilson's withdrawal
Wilson later said that he had run out of ideas by 1967 "in a conventional sense" and was "about ready to die".Шаблон:Sfn He also expressed a dissatisfaction with being branded a genius: "Once you've been labeled as a genius, you have to continue it or your name becomes mud. I am a victim of the recording industry."[1] Parks echoed that Taylor's line "forced Brian Wilson to have to continuously prove that he's a genius".[7] Mike Love said that Wilson turned to drugs as a way to expand his creative conceptions and deliver on the comparisons he had received with the Beatles and Mozart.Шаблон:Sfn
On December 14, 1967, Jann Wenner printed an influential article in Rolling Stone that denounced the "genius" label, which he called a "promotional shuck" and a "pointless" attempt to compare Wilson with the Beatles. He wrote: "Wilson believed [that he was a genius] and felt obligated to make good of it. It left Wilson in a bind ... which meant that a year elapsed between Pet Sounds and their latest release, Smiley Smile."Шаблон:Sfn As a result of the article, many rock fans excluded the group from "serious consideration".Шаблон:Sfn In a September 1968 piece for Jazz & Pop, Gene Sculatti wrote that a rock controversy involving Wilson was brewing among "the academic 'rock as art' critic-intellectuals, the AM-tuned teenies, and all the rest of us in between. ... the California sextet is simultaneously hailed as genius incarnate and derided as the archetypical pop music copouts".[14]
Wilson's bandmates resented that he had been singled out as a "genius".Шаблон:Sfn Love reflected that while Brian deserved the recognition, the press was a frustration to everyone in the group, including Carl, who was especially bothered by the misconception that the members were "nameless music components in Brian's music machine".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Brian's then-wife Marilyn intimated that Brian "felt guilty that he got all the attention and ... was called a genius" and decided to reduce his involvement with the band "because he thought that they all hated him".[15]Шаблон:Refn From 1968 onward, his songwriting output declined substantially, but the public narrative of "Brian-as-leader" continued.Шаблон:Sfn He became increasingly known for his reclusivenessШаблон:Sfn and would not attract the level of press attention he had achieved in the 1960s until a new marketing campaign, "Brian's Back!", was devised in 1976.Шаблон:Sfn
By the 1970s, there had formed a contingent of fans and detractors who viewed Wilson as a burned-out casualty of the psychedelic era. Some of the characterizations advanced by industry insiders included "genius musician but an amateur human being", "washed-up", "bloated", "another sad fucking case", and "a loser".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn In a 1971 interview, Carl commented that the Jules Siegel writings "and a lot of that stuff that went around before really turned [Brian] off."[16] He explained that most of it was "grossly inaccurate" and characterized Brian as "a very highly evolved person" who is "very sensitive at the same time, which can be confusing," adding that Brian does not cooperate with the press "at all".[16]
In 1975, NME published an extended three-part piece by journalist Nick Kent, "The Last Beach Movie", which depicted Wilson as an overeating, fey eccentric. According to music historian Luis Sanchez: "The article followed the bombast of Siegel's 'Genius with a capital G' line to some bizarre ends. ... the reader is left with the image of an insufferable man out of touch with reality: the leader of The Beach Boys reduced to a caricature, tormented by his own genius."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Carlin wrote that Wilson's "public suffering" effectively "transformed him from a musical figure into a cultural one",Шаблон:Sfn while journalist Paul Lester said that Wilson, by the mid-1970s, had tied with ex-Pink Floyd member Syd Barrett as "rock's numero uno mythical casualty."[17]
In 1978, David Leaf's biography The Beach Boys and the California Myth was published. While the "Goodbye Surfing, Hello God" article originated all the main reference points of the Wilson/Smile mythology, Sanchez references Leaf's book as the first work that "put the 'Brian Wilson is a genius' trope into perspective", especially by emphasizing a "dynamic of good guys and bad guys."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Quoted in the book, music journalist Ben Edmonds cited Taylor's "'Brian Wilson Is a Genius' hype" as "one of those things that has come back to haunt Brian like a curse. ... the whole playing on the Brian Wilson mythology, whether it be for that point in time or 1976, has always been crucial to manipulating the Beach Boys."Шаблон:Sfn
Retrospective criticism
A major tenet of Wilson's "genius" rests on a narrative that is familiar to the arc of a tragic artist.Шаблон:Sfn[18][19] At the center of his legend, according to music critic Carl Wilson (no relation to the Beach Boys' Carl Wilson), is this "tragic genius". Carl wrote in 2015:
He concluded that the interest in Brian's life comes primarily from a "human-interest angle" concerned with "the popular tendency to fetishise any overlap between genius and madness" rather than a purely musical one, ultimately distorting "both Wilson's story and his significance."[18]Шаблон:Refn Music critic Barney Hoskyns described Taylor's campaign as "the birth of a pop cult" and added that the term genius "is actually a rare commodity in pop music" more likely to be reserved for artists who espouse "tragedy", "failed promise", "torment", "or the very least by major eccentricity."[19] He located the "particular appeal" of Wilson's genius to "the fact that the Beach Boys were the very obverse of hip – the unlikeliness of these songs growing out of disposable surf pop – and in the singular naivety and ingenuousness of his personality."[19]Шаблон:Refn
Writing in The Rolling Stone Record Guide (1983), Dave Marsh bemoaned that Wilson became a "Major Artist" through the hype that continued to surround Wilson and the Smile project throughout the 1970s, calling it "an exercise in myth-mongering almost unparalleled in show business".Шаблон:Sfn Van Dyke Parks believed that Wilson was a highly innovative songwriter, but that it was a "mistake" to call him a genius, instead preferring the description of "a lucky guy with a tremendous amount of talent and a lot of people collaborating beautifully around him."[7]Шаблон:Refn
As a result of the mythology surrounding Wilson, Mike Love is often regarded as Wilson's lifelong antagonist.[18] After a jury ruled that Love was owed credit to 39 songs previously credited solely to Wilson and that Wilson or his agents had engaged in promissory fraud, the potential damages were estimated to range between $58 million and $342 million. According to Love, fans of Wilson thought "he was beyond accountability. ... By now, the myth was too strong, the legend too great. Brian was the tormented genius who suffered to deliver us his music—the forever victim, as his lawyer said."Шаблон:Sfn
Record producer Don Was created a documentary about Wilson, I Just Wasn't Made for These Times (1995), reportedly to address why the phrase "Brian Wilson is a genius" had become "holy gospel" among musicians.[20]
Wilson's response
Wilson said: "I didn't think I was a genius. I thought I had talent. But I didn't think I was a genius."[1] In the early 1990s, he referred to the branding as a burden and as the worst thing that had happened to him: "The idea being that you're automatically categorized, and the idea is to break free ... and do a few things not based on what you think others would want to hear."[21] Asked if he disliked being known as a "crazy guy" who writes "crazy songs", he replied: "Yeah, I do. ... I think it's exaggerated. It's going an extra 20 yards."[22]
In a eulogy given at Taylor's funeral in 1997, Wilson praised Taylor's efforts and credited him with the success of Pet Sounds and "Good Vibrations" in Britain. He stated: "Despite what he wrote about me, it was Derek Taylor who was the genius. He was a genius writer."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
See also
- The Beach Boys Love You – album received with a sharp divide between fans and critics, some of whom saw the album as a work of "eccentric genius" whereas others "dismissed it as childish and trivial".Шаблон:Sfn
- Creativity and mental illness
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- "Clapton is God"
- Astroturfing
Notes
References
Bibliography
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Further reading
Book
- Шаблон:Cite book – analysis of the "genius" rhetoric surrounding Wilson
Web articles
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite web
Contemporary articles
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
Шаблон:Brian Wilson Шаблон:The Beach Boys main
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite AV media notes
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite AV media notes
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite AV media
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
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