Английская Википедия:British left

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Political POV Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Socialism in the UK The British left can refer to multiple concepts. It is sometimes used a shorthand for groups aligned with the Labour Party. It can also refer to other individuals, groups and political parties that have sought egalitarian changes in the economic, political, and cultural institutions of the United Kingdom. Various subgroups with a national scope are active. Liberals and progressives believe that equality can be accommodated into existing capitalist structures, but they differ in their criticism of capitalism and on the extent of reform and the welfare state. Anarchists, communists, socialists, and social democrats, among others, with international imperatives are also present within this macro-movement.

History

Leftism in the United Kingdom is thought to stretch back to the 17th century from roots arising in the aftermath of the English Civil War. Classical liberalism was an early example of a notable leftist British movement that was later thought of as right-wing.

Notions of socialism in Great Britain have taken many different forms from the utopian socialism and philanthropism of Robert Owen through to the reformist electoral project enshrined in the birth of the Labour Party. Below follows historical and contemporary leftist movements.

Historical

• 2010 United Kingdom student protests
• Bloomsbury Socialist Society
• Cambridge Scientists' Anti-War Group
• Chartism
• Communist Party of Great Britain
• Diggers
• Miners' strike (1984-85)
• Occupy London
• UK Uncut

Contemporary

• Black Lives Matter
• Enough is Enough
• Extinction Rebellion
• Just Stop Oil
• People's Assembly Against Austerity
• Squatting
• Trade unionism
• Communist Party of Britain
• Breakthrough Party
• Left Unity (UK)
• Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
• Socialist Campaign Group
• Socialist Workers Party (UK)
• Socialist Appeal (Britain)
• Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)
• Solidarity Federation
• Anarchist Federation (Britain)

Key figures

The following is a list of figures considered significant for the British Left.

Activists

• Mick Lynch
• Albert Meltzer
• Sylvia Pankhurst
• Arthur Scargill

Journalists

• Aaron Bastani
• Owen Hatherley
• Owen Jones
• George Monbiot
• Ash Sarkar

Politicians

• Tony Benn
• Aneurin Bevan
• Jeremy Corbyn
• Michael Foot
• Keir Hardie
• Zarah Sultana
• Rebecca Long-Bailey
• George Galloway
• Diane Abbott
• Ian Lavery
• Clive Lewis
• Richard Burgon

Thinkers

• Tariq Ali
• Perry Anderson
• Gurminder K. Bhambra
• Mark Fisher
• Paul Gilroy
• Stuart Hall
• David Harvey
• Kai Heron
• Eric Hobsbawm
• Ralph Miliband
• William Morris
• James Schneider
• Ambalavaner Sivanandan
• E. P. Thompson
• Raymond Williams
• Rajani Palme Dutt
• John Holloway (sociologist)

Left-wing electoral organisations active in Britain

Файл:BritishLeft.png

Timeline of parties in the broad socialist movement

The largest political party associated with the British left is the centre-left Labour Party, which is also the biggest political party in the UK by membership levels, with 415,000 members as of July 2022. Labour has 197 seats in the House of Commons (not including two MPs elected as Labour who as of 2021 have their whip withdrawn), and has been the Official Opposition since May 2010. The current Leader of the Labour Party is Keir Starmer, who was elected as the party's leader on 4 April 2020.

The second largest party on the British left, by membership, is the centre-left Scottish National Party (SNP), which has 72,186 members as of March 2023, despite only being active in Scotland. The third largest party on the British left is the Green Party of England and Wales, whose membership reached 50,000 in September 2019. The party has one Member of Parliament, Caroline Lucas, who was first elected as the MP for Brighton Pavilion at the 2010 United Kingdom general election. She was also Leader of the party from 2008–2012 and then co-leader with Jonathan Bartley from 2016–2018.

The other three political parties on the left and with representation in parliament are the centre-left Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) of Northern Ireland; the centre-left Plaid Cymru (who are only active in Wales) and Sinn Féin, also from Northern Ireland. The SNP has 45 MPs, Plaid has three MPs, the SDLP have two MPs, and Sinn Féin has seven, but the latter party does not sit in Westminster as it refuses to take the parliamentary Oath of Allegiance. In total the British left therefore have 248 out of 650 MPs.

Labour Party

Файл:Labour Party membership graph.svg

Labour Party individual membership, excluding affiliated members and supporters

The biggest party on the political left in the United Kingdom in terms of members and representation is the Labour Party, which was founded as the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) in 1900. With the party's rebranding as New Labour in the 1990s under the leadership of Tony Blair, the party accepted a number of economic policies associated with the Right, causing it to be identified as centrist (Blair himself stated that his ministry would have governed from the political centre) rather than socialist, despite adding democratic socialism to the party's constitution, and was no longer considered as being a party of the Left; Blair described New Labour's ideology as Third Way, like Bill Clinton's Democratic Party in the United States. The Labour Party under Blair's leadership accepted many of the neoliberal economic policies enforced by the previous Conservative Party governments in the 1980s and 1990s, and continued in successive Conservative governments in the 2010s.

When Ed Miliband was elected as Leader of the Labour Party in 2010, he announced the abandonment of the New Labour agenda, and promised to return to socialism, clamp down on tax avoidance, introduce a wealth tax in the form of a mansion tax, raise income tax for high earners, and break up the banks. The party was subsequently criticised by some, including Blair himself, as straying leftwards from the centre ground of British politics, and that Miliband was a more traditional left-wing politician. Others disputed this view, and put Labour's loss at the 2015 United Kingdom general election down to the party being too right-wing.

Labour's status as a socialist party has been disputed by those who do not see the party as being part of the Left, although the general consensus under Jeremy Corbyn was that Labour was closer to the Left on the left–right political spectrum. As a result of this, there has always been tension between the Left and the Labour Party. The Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign, which led to a landslide victory at the 2015 Labour Party leadership election held in the month of September, represented a revival of the Labour left and led to a significant increase in membership; in the shadow cabinet reshuffle that followed, John McDonnell (chairman of the Labour Representation Committee) and Diane Abbott (member of the Socialist Campaign Group) were both appointed to Corbyn's shadow cabinet. While not winning, Labour made significant gains in terms of vote share and modest improvements in terms of seats, enough to deny a Conservative majority and led to a hung parliament, at the 2017 United Kingdom general election, which was taken as a vindication by some of the left turn. The party fell in the 2019 United Kingdom general election to its lowest share of seats since 1935, although it was not the party's worst election in terms of vote share (it did better than in 1931, 1983, 1987, and 2010); many believe this was due to a complicated Labour Party manifesto and Brexit policy, a poor approach to campaigning, and the unpopularity of Corbyn's leadership.

Internal groups

• Campaign for Labour Party Democracy
• Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance
• Labour Representation Committee
• Momentum
• Open Labour
• Socialist Campaign Group

Magazine support

• Chartist
• Tribune

Green Party of England and Wales

Шаблон:Main In 2015, the membership of the Green Party of England and Wales quadrupled, and its support in national opinion polls sextupled. Several factors contributed, including the collapse of the Lib Dem vote, the influence of social media and greater awareness among younger people about the rise of other left-wing parties in Europe such as: Podemos in Spain and Syriza in Greece, as well as a rise in anti-austerity movements across the UK and Europe. Other factors included the Scottish independence referendum, which proved to be an inspiration for a new kind of politics. Other key factors had been the contrast in conferences of the Green Party and Labour in September 2014, and the media exclusion of the Greens during and following their successes at the European elections; a petition against the media blackout of the Green Party reached 260,000 signatures.

The party also received a significant spike in membership during January 2015 following David Cameron's demand that the Greens be included in the leaders' debates for the 2015 general election. The Green Party has been included in a seven-way television debate. The Greens' 2015 spring conference had a record 1,300 members attend; the party became the second-largest of the European Greens in this period, as well as increasing significantly in national polls from an average 1% to 7%. It beat the Liberal Democrats to fourth place at the 2014 European Elections with 8%, under a proportional voting system, having a third MEP elected. However the Greens achieved only a 1.6% vote share at the 2017 general election, following a rejection by Labour of an election pact and an increase in vote share by the two major parties.

In the 2019 general election, the Green Party increased their vote share by 65% to 2.7%. In the 2021 United Kingdom local elections, the party made a net gain of 91 council seats, taking its national total to a record 444. As with Labour, the status of the Greens as a party of the political left has been disputed.

Internal groups

• Green Left

Other organisations

The now defunct Respect Party (formed in 2004), which at one point had the support of other left groups (such as the Socialist Workers Party and Socialist Resistance) and some electoral success, lost its last local councillors in 2014 and its sole MP George Galloway - who was also the party leader. Respect disbanded after twelve years, on 18 August 2016.

The Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition (TUSC), founded in 2010, comprises the Socialist Party, Socialist Workers Party and RMT trade union. As of 2016, TUSC had a small number of affiliated local councillors. Following the 2015 election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader, TUSC floated plans for a future electoral pact with any Labour councillors standing on an anti-austerity platform; subsequently TUSC stood fewer candidates in the 2016 and 2017 local elections, based on a case by case reckoning of the political stance of local Labour candidates. In May 2017, TUSC confirmed that it would stand no candidates at the forthcoming general election, and give full support to Labour. In 2018, TUSC suspended electoral activity until further notice. In September 2020, TUSC became active once again as its steering committee agreed it would stand candidates in the 2021 local elections.

A new party, Left Unity, was formed in November 2013 and backed by a number of existing left-wing parties. Left Unity had an electoral pact with TUSC for the 2015 elections but has since renounced independent electoral activity in favour of Labour.

The Communist Party of Britain (CPB), is a split from (and effectively the political successor to) the historical Communist Party of Great Britain, once the largest British far-left organisation. In 2017, the CPB announced that it would field no candidates at that year's general election, and give support to Labour instead.

Some small left and far-left parties continue to contest elections independently, such as the Socialist Party of Great Britain (the oldest extant left-wing political party, having formed in 1904). Other parties and groups are electorally inactive, renounce participation in elections, or work unofficially in support of, or advocate a vote for, the Labour Party.

Electorally active parties

• Alliance for Green Socialism
• Communist League
• National Health Action Party
• Socialist Equality Party
• Socialist Labour Party
• Socialist Party of Great Britain
• Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition (TUSC)
• Transform
• Workers' Revolutionary Party

Entryist groups within Labour Party

• Socialist Action

Parties working within Transform

• Breakthrough Party
• Left Unity

Parties working within TUSC

• Socialist Party (England and Wales)
• Socialist Party Scotland
• Socialist Workers Party [in Scotland only]

Others

• Alliance for Workers' Liberty
• Anarchist Federation
• Communist Party of Britain
• Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
• Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
• Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)
• Communist Workers Organisation
• International Socialist League
• New Communist Party of Britain
• Revolutionary Communist Group
• Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
• Socialist Alternative (England, Wales & Scotland)
• Socialist Appeal
• Socialist Resistance
• Solidarity Federation
• Spartacist League
• Workers' Fight
• Workers' Power

Active only in Scotland

• Republican Communist Network
• Scottish Greens
• Scottish National Party
• Scottish Republican Socialist Movement
• Scottish Socialist Party
• Socialist Party Scotland

Active only in Wales

• Plaid Cymru
• Wales Green Party (semi-autonomous within Green Party of England and Wales)

Local parties

• Old Swan Against the Cuts
• Lewisham People Before Profit
• Mebyon Kernow (only active in Cornwall)
• West Dunbartonshire Community Party

Media and culture

Шаблон:MainThe following is a list of media organisations and other progressive British cultural outputs explicitly associated with the Left.

Comics

• Frankie Boyle
• Steve Coogan
• Eric Idle
• Stewart Lee
• Alexei Sayle
• Mark Steel

Events

• Durham Miners' Gala
• Glastonbury Festival
• Tolpuddle Martyrs' Festival
• The World Transformed

Film

• I, Daniel Blake
• Pride (film)
• Adam Curtis
• Ken Loach

Independent news sources

• Byline Times (founded 2014)
• Evolve Politics (founded 2015)
• Left Foot Forward (founded 2010)
• Morning Star (Independent since 1945 but Britain's Road to Socialism, the programme of the CPB, underlies the paper's editorial stance)
• New Statesman (founded 1913)
• Novara Media (founded 2011)
• Red Pepper (founded 1995)
• The Canary (founded 2015)
• The Guardian
• Tribune (magazine)

Journals

• Historical Materialism
• New Left Review
• Race & Class
• Socialist Register

Music

• Billy Bragg
• Brian Eno
• Gang of Four
• Loyle Carner
• Pink Floyd
• Pulp
• Sam Fender
• John Lennon
• Thom Yorke

Publishing Houses

• Pluto Press
• Verso Books

Publications affiliated to political organisations

• Emancipation and Liberation (Republican Communist Network).
• News Line (WRP).
• Scottish Socialist Voice (SSP).
• Socialist Appeal monthly newspaper by a group of the same name.
• Socialist Resistance periodical by a group of the same name.
• Socialist Standard (SPGB).
• Socialist Studies quarterly journal by a group of the same name.
• Socialist Worker/Socialist Review (SWP).
• Solidarity (AWL)
• The New Worker (NCP)
• The Socialist (SP).
• Weekly Worker (CPGB-PCC).
• World Socialist Web Site (SEP).

Think tanks

• Compass ThinkTank
• Centre for Labour and Social Studies: CLASS
• Institute for Public Policy Research

See also

• Anarchism in the United Kingdom
• Another Europe Is Possible
• Anti-austerity movement in the United Kingdom
• Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom
• Bookmarks
• Bread and Roses Award
• Bright Green
• Broad Left
• Compass
• Convention of the Left
• Edinburgh Coalition Against Poverty
• Far-left politics in the United Kingdom
• Gay Left
• History of socialism in the United Kingdom
• History of trade unions in the United Kingdom
• Levellers
• Liberation Left
• List of left-wing publications in the United Kingdom
• List of political parties in the United Kingdom
• List of trade unions in the United Kingdom
• Marx Memorial Library
• National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts
• New Labour
• New Left
• Peace and Justice Project
• Republicanism in the United Kingdom
• Revolting Prostitutes
• Socialist Alliance
• Socialist Students
• The Left Field
• Trade unions in the United Kingdom

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book