Английская Википедия:British narrow-gauge railways
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
There were more than a thousand British narrow-gauge railways ranging from large, historically significant common carriers to small, short-lived industrial railways. Many notable events in British railway history happened on narrow-gauge railways including the first use of steam locomotives, the first public railway and the first preserved railway.
History
Early railways: before 1865
The earliest narrow-gauge railways were crude wooden trackways used in coal mines to guide wooden tubs. Because of the restricted loading gauge of the tunnels and the need for the tubs to be small enough to be pushed by one man, these railways were almost all narrow gauge. These underground lines often had short above-ground sections as well.
After the start of the Industrial Revolution it became possible to create railways with iron tracks and wheels, which reduced the friction involved in moving wagons and made longer horse-hauled trains possible. These could move more material over longer distances, allowing the construction of railways from mines and quarries to transshipment points on rivers, canals and the coast. The earliest narrow-gauge railways that were more than internal mine or quarry systems were all horse-drawn industrial railways. Prominent examples include: the Шаблон:Track gauge gauge Little Eaton Gangway of 1793; the Шаблон:Track gauge gauge Lake Lock Rail Road of 1796; the Шаблон:Track gauge gauge Penrhyn Railroad of 1801; and the Шаблон:Track gauge gauge Surrey Iron Railway of 1803. The Lake Lock Rail Road is recognized as the world's first public railway.[1]
Meanwhile, the development of the stationary steam engine was proceeding to the point where early steam locomotives were being proposed. In 1804, Richard Trevithick demonstrated the first locomotive-hauled railway in the world: the Шаблон:Track gauge gauge Penydarren Tramway in south Wales. Although this first use of locomotives was a limited and short-lived experiment, in 1812, the Шаблон:Track gauge gauge Middleton Railway in Leeds became the first in the world to make commercial use of steam locomotives.[2]
Steam technology developed rapidly in the early 19th century, allowing smaller locomotives to haul more goods. The horse-drawn Ffestiniog Railway opened in 1836 to connect the slate quarries at Blaenau Ffestiniog with the coastal port of Porthmadog. The traffic on the line quickly grew to the point where the horses could no longer haul the empty slate wagons back to the quarries quickly enough to meet demand. In 1863, steam locomotives were introduced on the Шаблон:Track gauge gauge railway, with passenger services following in 1865. This was the first steam operated railway providing both freight and passenger services on such a small gauge and it proved the model for the introduction of narrow-gauge railways across the world.[3]
In 1846, the British Parliament passed the Gauges Act that established Шаблон:Track gauge as the standard gauge for Britain.[4] After the Gauges Act, most of the railway track laid in Great Britain was to standard gauge. However many minor railways, both public and industrial, were built to narrower gauges. These lines either followed local traditions or were built in locations where the smaller size of the railway proved more economical.
The boom years: 1865–1914
The success of the Ffestiniog Railway triggered a boom in the construction of narrow-gauge railways, not just in Britain but around the world.[5] In the United Kingdom, the centre of narrow gauge construction was North Wales. The mountains of the north held large quantities of slate and their narrow valleys and steep hillsides meant that the smaller narrow-gauge railways were cost effective. The major slate mining regions at Bethesda, Llanberis, Blaenau Ffestiniog and Corris all developed multiple railways to serve the quarries. Some of these lines, like the Ffestiniog Railway, the Corris Railway and the Talyllyn Railway were common carriers, while others like the Penrhyn Quarry Railway and the Padarn Railway were industrial lines.
Outside Wales, other industries started to use narrow-gauge railways to move freight, notably ironstone, limestone, china clay, brick clay and metals. Many common carrier lines were built: most of the railways on the Isle of Man were narrow gauge – mostly Шаблон:Track gauge gauge. A number of railways were built to connect standard gauge railways with smaller towns, including the Southwold Railway, the Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway and the famous Lynton and Barnstaple Railway in Devon. These lines allowed communities that did not merit a full railway service to connect to the mainline network at low cost.
The 1880s were the high point of British narrow-gauge railways as traffic on many of these lines reached its peak volume and new lines were built across the country.Шаблон:Citation needed
In 1896, the Light Railways Act was passed which allowed the construction of railways to less stringent standards than had previously been allowed. This led to a short resurgence in the building of narrow-gauge railways, especially in rural locations. In Wales, the Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway was built to serve farming communities and the Vale of Rheidol Light Railway was a tourist line that also served lead mines; in England the Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway served similar purposes in the Staffordshire Moorlands.
The 1904 Railway Clearing House Railway Atlas showed the major narrow gauge railways:
Decline of the narrow gauge: 1914–1950
After the First World War, rail traffic declined with the widespread adoption of motor vehicles and public narrow gauge lines in Britain began to struggle financially.[6] Most of these railways were built to serve marginal traffic that would not support a larger line. As road competition increased, many existing lines fell into decline and fewer new railways were built.
The 1920s saw a brief resurgence of the narrow gauge as surplus equipment from the War Department Light Railways (WDLR) became available. Several industrial railways were built using second-hand WDLR equipment, notably the Leighton Buzzard Light Railway. Other lines such as the Glyn Valley Tramway and the Snailbeach District Railways were able to replace ageing locomotives relatively cheaply and continue to operate on shoestring budgets. Even the famed Ffestiniog Railway acquired a Baldwin locomotive to shore up the fleet working the Welsh Highland Railway which it now owned.
The last narrow-gauge commercial carrier in Britain was the Ashover Light Railway,Шаблон:Citation neededШаблон:Dubious opened in 1925 using surplus war equipment. This was the epitome of cheaply constructed light railways and was one of several minor railways owned by Colonel Stephens.
Meanwhile, the use of narrow-gauge railways in industry continued to flourish. Many small railways were built to serve sand and gravel pits, cement works and the peat and timber extraction industries, often using ex-WDLR equipment.
The continued development of road transport and the economic crises of the 1930s saw a slow decline in the use of narrow-gauge railways across the country. The Second World War pushed many struggling enterprises into bankruptcy as labour and materials were diverted to the war effort. During and immediately after the war, the majority of the remaining lines closed: between 1946 and 1950 the Ffestiniog, Corris, Ashover Light, Rye and Camber and Eaton Hall railways all closed. Many industrial lines did not survive the war years.
The narrow gauge after 1950
The use of narrow-gauge railways in Britain declined throughout the first half of the 20th century. This decline accelerated after the Second World War as improved road transport displaced railways in industry and for passenger service.[7]
In 1951 however, a group of railway enthusiasts, alarmed at the loss of this part of British industrial heritage, stepped in to save the failing Talyllyn Railway. This became the first railway to be run entirely by volunteers and sparked a movement to preserve many railways, both narrow and standard gauge as tourist attractions. Since then many lines have been preserved as working museums, and new narrow-gauge railways are being constructed for the tourist industry.
In the 21st century a very few industrial and common carrier lines survive. Notable among the latter are the Glasgow Subway, an underground metro line that operates on a Шаблон:Track gauge gauge, and the Manx Electric Railway on the Isle of Man.
Significant lines
Amongst the most well-known narrow-gauge lines in Britain are the Ffestiniog, the oldest independent railway company in the world, the Talyllyn, the world's first preserved railway of any gauge, and the Welshpool & Llanfair in Wales; and the Lynton & Barnstaple in England. Unique among British railways is the rack-and-pinion Snowdon Mountain Railway which climbs to just below the summit of Wales' highest peak.
Several significant lines operate on the Isle of Man. The Шаблон:Track gauge gauge Isle of Man Steam Railway operates as a tourist attraction. The Шаблон:TrackGauge Manx Electric Railway has the two oldest operating electric trams in the world.[8] The Шаблон:Track gauge gauge Snaefell Mountain Railway climbs the island's main peak and is the sole operating Fell system railway in the world.
The narrow-gauge railways of Britain and the Isle of Man
Public railways
These are narrow-gauge railways that ran public passenger trains for a significant portion of their existence. In 1951 the Talyllyn Railway was the first railway in the world to be taken over and preserved by volunteers. This was the start of the heritage railway movement, which has flourished in Britain and around the world in the years since. As a result, many of these lines passed from being common carriers and were preserved as heritage railways after their demise. Where this has happened their heritage existence is included as a second row.
Estate railways
Narrow-gauge railways serving private estates. These were often minimum-gauge railways.
Museums
Museums devoted to narrow-gauge railways
| Name | Opened | Closed | Gauge | Length | Location | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albany Steam Museum Forest Road Light Railway[23] | before 1973 | unknown | Шаблон:Track gauge | Unknown | Newport, England | Steam and diesel locomotives on the site of a planned railway. Closed due to lack of planning permission for the site. | |
| Amberley Working Museum[9] | 1979 | Present | mainly Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Amberley, England | Файл:AmberleyMuseum.jpg | Large industrial museum with extensive narrow-gauge railway collection, mainly from lines in the southeast of England. |
| Armley Mills Industrial Museum | ? | Present | various | Шаблон:Convert | Leeds, England | Файл:Quarry Hunslet at Armley Mills - geograph.org.uk - 335186.jpg | Industrial museum highlighting the industrial heritage of Leeds. Has a significant collection of Leeds-built locomotives and a short demonstration line. |
| Blists Hill Clay Mine Railway | 2009 | present | Шаблон:Track gauge | Шаблон:Convert | Telford, Shropshire | Файл:Coalmine tram, Blists Hill.jpg | Operates at Blists Hill Victorian Town |
| Brockham Museum[9][39] | 1962 | 1983 | various | ? | Dorking, England | Large collection of narrow-gauge railway equipment from the south-east of England. The collection moved to the Amberley Chalk Pits Museum | |
| Bursledon Brickworks Museum[23] | About 1964[40] | November 2019[40] | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Bursledon, England | Файл:Bursledon Brickworks Museum - geograph.org.uk - 464782.jpg | Steam-railway run by the Hampshire Narrow Gauge Railway Society |
| China Clay Industry Museum[9] | ? | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | St Austell, England | Static display of ex-Lee Moor tramway locomotive | |
| Conwy Valley Railway Museum[9] | 1965 (?) | Present | Various | ? | Betws-y-Coed, Wales | Small railway museum including a number of narrow-gauge artifacts | |
| Dowty Railway Preservation Society[9] | 1962 | 1985 | various | ? | Tewkesbury, England | Society of railway enthusiasts from the Dowty Group of companies with a substantial collection of narrow-gauge locomotives. See the North Gloucestershire Railway entry. | |
| Durley Light Railway[23] | 1968 | 2015 | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Durley, England | Collection of steam and diesel locomotives originally located at Stoke Park sand pit from 1962, moved to Durley in 1968 where a railway was established. | |
| The Narrow Gauge Railway Centre at Gloddfa Ganol[9] | 1978[41] | 1997 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Blaenau Ffestiniog, Wales | Файл:Kerr Stuart 1ft 10in 0-6-0T 3014 Gloddfa Ganol, N Wales 12.8.1992 (10196697555).jpg | Then the largest collection of narrow-gauge locomotives in Britain, with over 70 present; housed in the former Oakeley slate quarry. |
| Golden Valley Light Railway | Late 1980s | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Just under Шаблон:Convert | Butterley, England | Файл:Golden Valley Light Railway, near Swanwick (geograph 1643376).jpg | Scenic passenger line laid on the old Butterley works tramway, running to Newlands Inn through the country park. Large collection of working narrow-gauge locomotives and rolling stock housed within a large purpose-built shed at the Midland Railway – Butterley. |
| Herefordshire Waterworks Museum | 1982 | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Hereford, England | Short demonstration line. | |
| Hollycombe Steam Collection[9] | 1968 | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Liphook, England | Файл:Palmerston at Hollycombe - geograph.org.uk - 1159811.jpg | Working steam museum |
| Irchester Narrow Gauge Railway Museum | 1980s | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Irchester, England | Файл:Narrow Gauge Steam Engine at Irchester Country Park Railway Museum - Flickr - mick - Lumix.jpg | Collection of rolling stock from Midlands ironstone railways and a short demonstration line. |
| Kew Bridge Steam Museum[9][39] | 1986 | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | London, England | Файл:CloisterAtKewBridge.jpg | Waterworks museum with a short demonstration line, run since 1992 by the Hampshire Narrow Gauge Railway Society |
| Klondyke Steam Museum[9] | 1981 | 1982 | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Draycott-on-the-clay, England | A proposed steam museum using the Ffestiniog Railway locomotive Palmerston. Never opened | |
| Llechwedd Slate Caverns[9] | 1972 | present | Various | Unknown | Blaenau Ffestiniog, Wales | Файл:Llechwedd Slate Caverns 443.jpg | Passenger carrying railway operated with battery-electric locomotives, mainly underground in the Llechwedd slate mine; separate funicular that takes passengers into deeper portions of the mine also present |
| Monkton Farleigh Mine Museum[42] | before 1987 | 1990 | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Bath, England | 4wDM locomotive at a mining museum in an abandoned quarry. | |
| Morwellham Open Air Museum[9] | ? | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Tavistock, England | Файл:Morwellham Quay , the mine railway - geograph.org.uk - 381805.jpg | Passenger-carrying tourist railway at the museum |
| Moseley Industrial Narrow Gauge Tramway and Museum Tumblydown Farm railway[15][43] | 2001 | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Tolgus Mount, England | Part of the original Moseley Tramway collection now relocated to Cornwall. | |
| Moseley Railway Trust[9] | 1968 | Present | mainly Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Newcastle-under-Lyme, England | Файл:Moseley Railway Trust - narrow gauge locomotive (geograph 4272588).jpg | A significant collection of industrial locomotives currently in store, but due to re-open at the Apedale Heritage Center in 2006. |
| Narrow Gauge Railway Museum[9] | 1956 | Present | Various | ? | Tywyn, Wales | Файл:DundeeGasWorksLoco.jpg | Static exhibits at the Talyllyn Railway's Tywyn Wharf station. |
| North Western Museum of Science and Industry[9] | before 1981 | Present | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Liverpool, England | Static exhibit of ex-Isle of Man Railway No. 3 Pender | |
| Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum | 1951 | Present | various | ? | Bangor, Wales | Файл:Charles at Penrhyn Castle (geograph 4537381).jpg | Collection of industrial narrow-gauge locomotives and artifacts |
| Purbeck Mineral and Mining Museum[44][45] | 2004 | Present | various | ? | Norden, England | Файл:Tramway at Norden station (geograph 4689151).jpg | Collection of narrow-gauge rolling stock from the Purbeck clay mining industry. A demonstration railway is under construction. |
| Radstock Light Railway[44] | 1995 | present | Шаблон:Track gauge | Unknown | Radstock, England | Equipment on the Somerset and Avon Railway Association's site, mostly from the former Vobster Railway. | |
| Tolgus Tin Mine Museum[9] | ? | ? | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Redruth, England | Файл:Tolgus Tin - geograph.org.uk - 688689.jpg | Static display of mining locomotive |
| Welland Valley Vintage Traction Club[9] | ? | ? | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Market Harborough, England | Ex-ironstone quarry railway equipment on static exhibition, including Kettering Ironstone Railway No. 8[46] | |
| Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum[9][44] | ? | 2004 | Шаблон:RailGauge | ? | Westonzoyland, England | Файл:Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum 14.JPG | Small industrial museum at restored pumphouse with a short demonstration railway. |
Visitor attractions
Narrow-gauge railways that operate as part of a larger tourist attraction, such as an estate or theme park.
| Name | Years of operation | Gauge | Length | Location | Image | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alton Towers Park Railway | 1953–1996 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Farley, Staffordshire, England | A narrow-gauge railway at the Alton Towers amusement park. | |
| Lappa Valley Steam Railway | 1974–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Newquay, Cornwall, England | Файл:Lappa valley steam railway 1.JPG | A narrow-gauge railway and family entertainment park built on the trackbed of the GWR Newquay to Chacewater line, between Benny Halt and East Wheal Rose. |
| Amerton Railway[47] | 1990–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Amerton, England | Файл:AmertonFarmRailway.jpg | A steam-hauled passenger line running round the Amerton Working Farm. |
| Battersea Park Far Tottering and Oyster Creek Railway[39] | 1951–1953 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Battersea, England | A whimsical attraction at the Festival of Britain Pleasure Gardens built to the designs of the Punch cartoonist Emett. | |
| Bicton Woodland Railway | 1963–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Budleigh Salterton, England | Файл:Bicton Woodland Railway 285.jpg | A tourist railway running round Bicton Gardens, originally equipped with stock from the Woolwich Arsenal Railway. |
| Blenheim Palace Railway | 1990s?-present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire | Файл:Winston at Palace Station, Blenheim Park Railway, Woodstock (geograph 4539473).jpg | The line runs between car park and palace, through parkland surrounding the ancestral home of the Dukes of Marlborough. The steam-outline diesel locomotive, built by Alan Keef, is named after Winston Churchill, who was born at Blenheim in 1874. |
| Bressingham Steam Museum | 1970s-present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Diss, Norfolk | Файл:Narrow Gauge Train - geograph.org.uk - 359667.jpg | Short passenger carrying line around the famous Bloom gardens at Bressingham; part of a larger steam collection. |
| Camelot Theme Park | 1983–1986 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Charnock Richard, England | Short tourist line at an amusement park in Lancashire | |
| Chessington World of Adventures Chessington Railroad[39] | 1987–1996 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Chessington, England | Passenger carrying tourist line in Chessington World of Adventures that was built to replace the Шаблон:RailGauge miniature railway Chessington Zoo Railway. | |
| Cotswold Wildlife Park Railway | 1975-present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Burford, England | Файл:ColdswoldWildlifeParkRailway-Bella-Aug08.JPG | Passenger carrying tourist line around the wildlife park. |
| Doddington Park Light Railway | ?-present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Chipping Sodbury, England | A tourist railway in the grounds of Doddington House stately home. | |
| Drusillas Park Railway | 1946–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Alfriston, England | Файл:Drusillas-006.jpg | Short tourist line around an amusement park. |
| Gardner's Pleasure Resort[39] | 1893–1934 | Unknown | Unknown | Riddlesdown, England | Early pleasure railway with home-built steam locomotive which survived until 1948. | |
| Knebworth Park and Winter Green Railway | 1972–1990 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Knebworth, England | Steam-hauled passenger line in the grounds of Knebworth House. | |
| Legoland Windsor Hill Train | 1991–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Windsor, Berkshire, England | Файл:The Hill Train - Legoland, Windsor - geograph.org.uk - 868561.jpg | A funicular. Opened when the park was still known as Windsor Safari Park. |
| Margam Train[48] | ?-present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Margam Country Park, Wales | Tourist railway round the Country Park hauled by a steam-outline diesel locomotive. | |
| Old Kiln Light Railway[49][39] | 1982–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Tilford, England | Файл:Orenstein and Koppel of Berlin. Works No. 9998 'Elouise' (7866815064).jpg | Short steam-hauled railway at the Rural Life Centre. |
| Overstone Solarium Light Railway | 1969-? | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Sywell, England | A short line running as a tourist attraction round the Overstone Solarium amusement park. | |
| Pleasure Beach Express | 1933–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Blackpool, England | Short tourist line running around the perimeter of the south half of Pleasure Beach Blackpool. | |
| RANG (Royal Arsenal Narrow Gauge) railway[50] | 2019–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Crossness Pumping Station, Thamesmead, England | Файл:Bazalgette RANG.jpg | The line transports visitors to the Victorian Pumping Station. The locomotive Bazalgette is a Severn-Lamb Шаблон:Whyte. |
| Seaton Tramway | 1971–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Seaton, England | Файл:Trams at Seaton.jpg | Electric tramway using half-scale trams. |
| Telford Town Tramway[9][51] | 1980–mid 1980s, then 1989-present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Telford, England | Файл:Steam tram, Telford Steam Railway by L S Wilson.jpg | A steam-hauled tramway in Telford new town, it closed in the mid 1980s and was then moved to the Telford Horsehay Steam Trust, where it continues to run. |
| Thorpe Park Canada Creek Railway[39] | 1989–2011 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Chertsey, England | Файл:The End of the Line - geograph.org.uk - 1165846.jpg | Short tourist line at an amusement park in Surrey. From 1989 to 2006 this train carried guests to and from Thorpe Farm. The railway then had a shortened closed circuit around the Canada Creek area of the park beginning in 2007 until its closure. |
| Thorpe Park Treasure Island Railway[39] | 1984–1992 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Chertsey, England | Short tourist line at an amusement park in Surrey. A small train based attraction around an Island featuring live actors and audience participation loosely based on the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson. | |
| Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mill Railway[50] | ?–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Waltham Abbey, England | Шаблон:Convert long demonstration railway. | |
| Wey Valley Light Railway[9][49][39] | before 1971-1982 | Шаблон:Track gauge | Unknown | Farnham, England | Passenger-carrying railway run by Farnham District Scouts. Became the Old Kiln Light Railway | |
| Whipsnade Zoo Great Whipsnade Railway[10] | 1970–present | Шаблон:RailGauge | Unknown | Dunstable, England | Файл:ConquerorGWR.jpeg | Steam-hauled passenger line running around the grounds of Whipsnade Zoo. Rolling stock came from the Bowater Light Railway. |
| Woburn Safari Park Great Woburn Railway[52] | 1973–present[53] | Шаблон:TrackGauge. Later converted to Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Woburn, England | Файл:Lady Alexandra (Great Woburn Railway) 2.JPG | Passenger line running around the grounds of Woburn Safari Park. |
| Yafford Mill Railway[23] | 1994–2000 | Шаблон:RailGauge | Шаблон:Convert | Newport, England | Short-lived passenger railway using ex-MOD diesel locomotives and stock built by Alan Keef. |
Private railways
Шаблон:Main article These are private lines or collections owned by individuals or small groups and generally not open to the public.
Industrial railways
Шаблон:Main article Great Britain was home to many industrial narrow-gauge railways, ranging from temporary hand-powered lines a few yards long to significant locomotive-worked complexes of lines that served substantial industrial concerns.
Military railways
Шаблон:Main article Many British military establishments and former UK Government-owned explosives sites used narrow-gauge railways. These locations were often subject to the Official Secrets Act and other government restrictions, so many of them are less well documented.
See also
- British quarrying and mining narrow-gauge railways
- British narrow-gauge slate railways
- Decauville
- Industrial railways
- List of British heritage and private railways
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Europe in topic
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Railway Regulation (Gauge) Act 1846 (PDF)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 9,00 9,01 9,02 9,03 9,04 9,05 9,06 9,07 9,08 9,09 9,10 9,11 9,12 9,13 9,14 9,15 9,16 9,17 9,18 9,19 9,20 9,21 9,22 9,23 9,24 9,25 9,26 9,27 9,28 9,29 9,30 9,31 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 14,00 14,01 14,02 14,03 14,04 14,05 14,06 14,07 14,08 14,09 14,10 14,11 14,12 14,13 14,14 14,15 14,16 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 18,4 18,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Track gauge
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Goodchild, J. (2006), Early Railways 3, Six Martlets Publishing
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Dorian Gerhold, 'The rise and fall of the Surrey Iron Railway, 1802-46', Surrey Archaeological Collections, vol. 95 (2010), pp. 193, 195.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ St Michael's Mount Cliff Railway (unofficial) Website
- ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 39,3 39,4 39,5 39,6 39,7 39,8 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 44,0 44,1 44,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Quine ironstone
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 49,0 49,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 50,0 50,1 Шаблон:James-NarrowGauge
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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