Английская Википедия:Brunei Malay
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox language
The Brunei Malay language (Шаблон:Lang-ms Jawi: Шаблон:Lang) is the most widely spoken language in Brunei and a lingua franca in some parts of Sarawak and Sabah, such as Labuan, Limbang, Lawas, Sipitang and Papar.[1][2] Though Standard Malay is promoted as the official national language of Brunei, Brunei Malay is socially dominant and it is currently replacing the minority languages of Brunei,[3] including the Dusun and Tutong languages.[4] It is quite divergent from Standard Malay to the point where it is almost mutually unintelligible with it.Шаблон:Citation needed
Phonology
The consonantal inventory of Brunei Malay is shown below:[2][5]
Notes:
- Шаблон:NoteШаблон:IPA is dental in many varieties of Malay, but it is alveolar in Brunei.[5]
- Шаблон:NoteШаблон:IPA is velar in initial position, but it is realised as uvular Шаблон:IPA in coda.[5]
- Шаблон:NoteParenthesised sounds occur only in loanwords.
- All consonants can occur in word-initial position, except Шаблон:IPA. Therefore, Standard Malay Шаблон:Lang 'forest' became Шаблон:Lang in Brunei Malay, and Standard Malay Шаблон:Lang 'black' became Шаблон:Lang.[2]
- All consonants can occur in word-final position, except the palatals Шаблон:IPA and voiced plosives Шаблон:IPA. Exceptions can be found in a few borrowed words such as Шаблон:Lang 'March' and Шаблон:Lang 'kebab'.[1]
- Шаблон:NoteSome analysts exclude Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA from this table because they are 'margin high vowels',[6] while others include /w/ but exclude /j/.[1]
Brunei Malay has a three-vowel system: Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA.[1][7] Acoustic variation in the realisation of these vowels is shown in the plot on the right, based on the reading of a short text by a single female speaker.[2]
While Шаблон:IPA is distinct from the other two vowels, there is substantial overlap between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. This is partly because of the vowel in the first syllable of words such as Шаблон:Lang ('to blow') which can be realised as Шаблон:IPA. Indeed, the Brunei Malay dictionary uses an 'e' for the prefix in this word, listing it as Шаблон:Lang,[8] though other analyses prefer to show prefixes such as this with 'a', on the basis that Brunei Malay just has three vowel phonemes.[9][6][1]
Language use
Шаблон:Main Brunei Malay, Kedayan and Kampong Ayer can be regarded as dialects of Malay. Brunei Malay is used by the numerically and politically dominant Brunei people, who traditionally lived on water, while Kedayan is used by the land-dwelling farmers, and the Kampong Ayer dialect is used by the inhabitants of the river north of the capital.[10][11] It has been estimated that 94% of the words of Brunei Malay and Kedayan are lexically related.[12]
Coluzzi studied the street signs in Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital city of Brunei Darussalam. The researcher concluded that except Chinese, "minority languages in Brunei have no visibility and play a very marginal role beyond the family and the small community."[13]
Vocabulary words
| Bruneian Malay | Peninsular Malaysia Malay
(Klang Valley standard) |
Meaning/Note |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | First person singular | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | First person singular when in conversation with a Royal Family Member |
| Шаблон:Lang | Second person singular | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | From Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. It is used like the Malay word Шаблон:Lang. |
| Шаблон:Lang | Second person plural | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Third person singular |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | First person plural (inclusive) |
| Шаблон:Lang | To be used either like Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Male third person singular |
| Шаблон:Lang | Female third person singular | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | To address a listener of older age. Also first person plural |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | To address a loved one |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | This |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | That |
| Шаблон:Lang | Where (at)? | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Where to? | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Male (human) | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Female (human) | |
| Шаблон:LangШаблон:Efn-la | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | A gentleman |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | His Majesty |
| Шаблон:Lang | Yes | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | No | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | To close (a door, etc.) |
| Шаблон:Lang | To eat | |
| Шаблон:Lang | To like | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Funny (adj.), derived from Charlie Chaplin |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | cf. Malaysian Шаблон:Lang, Singaporean Шаблон:Lang |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | To be quick, (in a) hurry(ing) (also an interjection) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | At a later time, soon |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Straight ahead; immediately |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Used as a term when in a state denial (as in 'No way!' or 'It can't be') |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | 'Might as well ... ' |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang | Generally refers to a white Westerner. |
| Шаблон:Lang | Refers to a Bruneian of Indian descent. (This is generally regarded as pejorative.)[14] | |
Studies
The vocabulary of Brunei Malay has been collected and published by several western explorers in Borneo including Pigafetta in 1521, De Crespigny in 1872, Charles Hose in 1893, A. S. Haynes in 1900, Sidney H. Ray in 1913, H. B. Marshall in 1921, and G. T. MacBryan in 1922, and some Brunei Malay words are included in A Malay-English Dictionary by R. J. Wilkinson.[15][16][17]
The language planning of Brunei has been studied by some scholars.[18][19]
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite book [1] [2] Шаблон:Webarchive [3] [4] [5]
- Haynes, A. S. “A List of Brunei-Malay words.” JSBRAS 34 ( July 1900): 39—48. [7]
- Hose, Charles. No. 3. "A Journey up the Baram River to Mount Dulit and the Highlands of Borneo". The Geographical Journal. No. 3. VOL. I. (March, 1893)
- MacBryan, G.T. 1922. Additions to a vocabulary of Brunei-Malay. JSBRAS. 86:376–377. [8]
- Marshall, H.B. and Moulton, J.C. 1921, "A vocabulary of Brunei Malay", in Journal of the Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. [9] [10] [11]
- Marshall, H.B. 1921. A vocabulary of Brunei Malay. JSBRAS. 83:45–74.
- Ray, Sidney H. 1913. The Languages of Borneo. The Sarawak Museum Journal. 1,4:1–196.
- Roth, Henry Ling. 1896. The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo. 2 vols. London: Truslove and Hanson. Rep. 1980. Malaysia: University of Malaya Press. [12] VOL I. [13] VOL II. VOL II. [14]
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite JIPA
- Шаблон:Cite JIPA
External links
Шаблон:Incubator Шаблон:Languages of Brunei Шаблон:Languages of Malaysia Шаблон:Austronesian languages
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Clynes, A. (2014). Brunei Malay: An Overview. In P. Sercombe, M. Boutin, & A. Clynes (Eds.), Advances in Research on Linguistic and Cultural Practices in Borneo (pp. 153–200). Phillips, ME: Borneo Research Council. Pre-publication draft available at http://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/AC/Clynes-Brunei-Malay.pdf
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Deterding, David & Athirah, Ishamina. (2017). Brunei Malay. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 47(1), 99–108. doi:10.1017/S0025100316000189
- ↑ McLellan, J., Noor Azam Haji-Othman, & Deterding, D. (2016). The language situation in Brunei Darussalam. In Noor Azam Haji-Othman, J. McLellan, & D. Deterding (Eds.), The use and status of language in Brunei Darussalam: A kingdom of unexpected linguistic diversity (pp. 9–16). Singapore: Springer.
- ↑ Noor Azam Haji-Othman & Siti Ajeerah Najib (2016). The state of indigenous languages in Brunei. In Noor Azam Haji-Othman, J. McLellan, & D. Deterding (Eds.), The use and status of language in Brunei Darussalam: A kingdom of unexpected linguistic diversity (pp. 17–28). Singapore: Springer.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Clynes, Adrian & Deterding, David. (2011). Standard Malay (Brunei). Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41(2), 259–268. doi:10.1017/S002510031100017X
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Mataim Bakar. (2007). The phonotactics of Brunei Malay: An Optimality Theoretic account. Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei.
- ↑ Poedjosoedarmo, G. (1996). Variation and change in the sound systems of Brunei dialects of Malay. In P. Martin, C. Ozog, & Gloria Poedjosoedarmo (Eds.), Language use and language change in Brunei Darussalam (pp. 37–42). Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
- ↑ Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei. (2007). Kamus Bahasa Melayu Brunei (Edisi Kedua) [Brunei Malay dictionary, 2nd edition]. Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei.
- ↑ Jaludin Chuchu. (2000). Morphology of Brunei Malay. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
- ↑ Gallop, 2006. "Brunei Darussalam: Language Situation". In Шаблон:ELL2
- ↑ Wurm, Mühlhäusler, & Tryon, Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas, 1996:677
- ↑ Nothofer, B. (1991). The languages of Brunei Darussalam. In H. Steinhauer (Ed.), Papers in Austronesian Linguistics (pp. 151–172). Canberra: Australian National University.
- ↑ Coluzzi, Paolo. (2012). The Linguistic Landscape of Brunei Darussalam: Minority Languages and the Threshold of Literacy. South East Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 12, 1-16. Retrieved 14 April 2019 from http://fass.ubd.edu.bn/SEA/volume12.html
- ↑ Najib Noorashid (2016). The 'K' word referring to Indians in Brunei. Paper presented at the Brunei-Malaysia 2016 Forum, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, 16–17 November 2016.
- ↑ Martin, P. W. (1994). Lexicography in Brunei Darussalam: An overview. In B. Sibayan & L. E. Newell (Eds.), Papers from the First Asia International Lexicography Conference, Manila, Philippines, 1992. LSP Special Monograph Issue, 35 (pp. 59–68). Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines. [15] Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Coluzzi, Paolo. (2011). Majority and minority language planning in Brunei Darussalam. Language Problems and Language Planning, 35(3), 222-240. doi:10.1075/lplp.35.3.02col
- ↑ Clynes, Adrian. (2012). Dominant language transfer in minority language documentation projects: Some examples from Brunei. Language Documentation & Conservation, 6, 253-267.
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