Английская Википедия:Brusselian dialect
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Infobox language
Brusselian (also known as Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang) is a Dutch dialect native to Brussels, Belgium. It is essentially a heavily-Francisized Brabantian Dutch dialectШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn that incorporates a sprinkle of Spanish loanwords dating back to the rule of the Low Countries by the Habsburgs (1519–1713).Шаблон:Sfn
Brusselian was widely spoken in the Marolles/Marollen neighbourhood of the City of Brussels until the 20th century.Шаблон:Sfn It still survives among a minority of inhabitants called BrusseleersШаблон:Sfn (or Brusseleirs), many of them quite bi- and multilingual in French and Dutch.[1][2]
The Royal Theatre Toone, a folkloric theatre of marionettes in central Brussels, still puts on puppet plays in Brusselian.Шаблон:Sfn
Toponymy
The toponyms Шаблон:Lang in Dutch or Шаблон:Lang in French refer to the Marolles/Marollen, a neighbourhood of the City of Brussels, near the Palace of Justice, which itself takes its name from the former abbey of the Apostoline sisters, a religious group based in this area during the Middle Ages (from Шаблон:Lang in Latin ("those who honour the Virgin Mary"), later contracted to Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, and finally Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang). Historically a working-class neighbourhood, it has subsequently become a fashionable part of the city.Шаблон:Sfn
Brusselian is described as "totally indecipherable to the foreigner (which covers everyone not born in the Marolles), which is probably a good thing as it is richly abusive."Шаблон:Sfn
What is Brusselian?
There is a dispute and confusion about the meaning of Brusselian, which many consider to be a neighbourhood jargon distinct from a larger Brussels Dutch dialect, while others use the term "Marols" as an overarching substitute term for that citywide dialect.[3] According to Jeanine Treffers-Daller, “the dialect has a tremendous prestige and a lot of myths are doing the rounds.”[3]
The Brusselian word zwanze is commonly applied by speakers of French and Dutch to denote a sarcastic form of folk humour considered typical of Brussels.Шаблон:Sfn[4]
Origins
A local version of the Brabantian dialect was originally spoken in Brussels. When the Kingdom of Belgium was established in 1830 after the Belgian Revolution, French was established as the only official language of the kingdom. French was therefore primarily used amongst nobility (however some in the historic towns of Flanders were bilingual and stayed attached to the old Flemish national literature), the middle class and a significant portion of the population whose secondary education had only been delivered in French.
French then gradually spread through the working classes, especially after the establishment of compulsory education in Belgium from 1914 for children aged between six and fourteen years. Primary school education was given in Dutch in the Flemish region and in French in the Walloon region. Secondary education was only given in French throughout Belgium. Drained by the personal needs of the administration, many new working class arrivals from the south of Belgium, again increased the presence of French in Brussels. Informal language was from then on a mixture of Romance and Germanic influences, which adapted into becoming Brusselian.
Nowadays, the Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch,[5][6] even though French has become the predominant language of the city.[7]
Examples
An example of Brusselian is:
Шаблон:Poem quote Шаблон:Poem quote
In The Adventures of Tintin
For the popular comic series The Adventures of Tintin, the Belgian author Hergé modeled his fictional languages Syldavian[8] and Bordurian on Brusselian and modeled many other personal and place-names in his works on the dialect (the city of Шаблон:Lang in the fictional Middle Eastern country of Khemed comes from the Brusselian phrase for "I'm cold"). Bordurian, for example, has as one of its words the Brusselian-based Шаблон:Lang meaning "mister" (cf. Dutch Шаблон:Lang). In the original French, the fictional Arumbaya language of San Theodoros is another incarnation of Brusselian.
References
Notes
Bibliography
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Jeanine Treffers-Daller, Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective (Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 25.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Hergé's Syldavian
