Английская Википедия:Bulgarian alphabet
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox writing system Шаблон:Contains special characters The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet (Шаблон:Lang-bg) is used to write the Bulgarian language. The Cyrillic alphabet was originally developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th – 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School.[1][2]
It has been used in Bulgaria (with modifications and exclusion of certain archaic letters via spelling reforms) continuously since then, superseding the previously used Glagolitic alphabet, which was also invented and used there before the Cyrillic script overtook its use as a written script for the Bulgarian language. The Cyrillic alphabet was used in the then much bigger territory of Bulgaria (including most of today's Serbia), North Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Northern Greece (Macedonia region), Romania and Moldova, officially from 893. It was also transferred from Bulgaria and adopted by the East Slavic languages in Kievan Rus' and evolved into the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian alphabets and the alphabets of many other Slavic (and later non-Slavic) languages. Later, some Slavs modified it and added/excluded letters from it to better suit the needs of their own language varieties.
History
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also In the 9th century, the Bulgarian Empire introduced the Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around the Preslav Literary School, Bulgaria at the end of the 9th century.
Several Cyrillic alphabets with 28 to 44 letters were used in the early and middle 19th century during the effortsШаблон:Clarify on the codification of Modern Bulgarian until an alphabet with 32 letters, proposed by Marin Drinov, gained prominence in the 1870s: it was used until the orthographic reform of 1945, when the letters yat (uppercase Шаблон:Lang, lowercase Шаблон:Lang) and yus (uppercase Шаблон:Lang, lowercase Шаблон:Lang) were removed from its alphabet, reducing the number of letters to 30. Yat was also known as "double e" (Шаблон:Lang), and yus was also known as "big nasal sign" (Шаблон:Lang), crossed yer (Шаблон:Lang), and "wide yer" (Шаблон:Lang).
Although Bulgarian uses the Cyrillic alphabet, some letter shapes in Bulgaria were made to look more 'Latin' in the 20th century[3] (see the pictures on the right in the article), however they are rarely used today and most typefaces do not support them.
With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, the Cyrillic script became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek scripts.[4]
List
Шаблон:Main Overview
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й |
| К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у |
| Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ь ь | Ю ю | Я я |
See also:
Detailed table
The following table gives the letters of the Bulgarian alphabet, along with the IPA values for the sound of each letter. The listed transliteration in the Official transliteration column (known as the Streamlined System) is official in Bulgaria and is listed in the Official orthographic dictionary (2012). For other transliteration standards see Romanization of Bulgarian.
Most letters in the Bulgarian alphabet stand for just one specific sound. Five letters stand for sounds written in English with two or more letters. These letters are Шаблон:Lang (ch), Шаблон:Lang (sh), Шаблон:Lang (sht), Шаблон:Lang (yu), and Шаблон:Lang (ya). Two additional sounds are written with two letters: these are Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA) and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA). The letter Шаблон:Lang marks the softening (palatalization) of any consonant (except Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang) before the letter Шаблон:Lang, while Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang after consonants mark the palatalization of the preceding consonant in addition to representing the vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[5]
The names of most letters are simple representations of their phonetic values, with consonants being followed by Шаблон:IPA – thus the alphabet goes: Шаблон:IPA – Шаблон:IPA – Шаблон:IPA, etc. However, the name of the letter Шаблон:Lang is "i-kratko" (short i), the name of Шаблон:Lang is "er-golyam" (large yer), and the name of Шаблон:Lang is "er-malak" (small yer). People often refer to Шаблон:Lang simply as Шаблон:IPA.
The Bulgarian alphabet features:
- The Bulgarian names for the consonants are Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA etc. instead of Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA etc.
- Е represents Шаблон:IPA and is called "е" Шаблон:IPA.
- The sounds Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA) and Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA) are represented by дж and дз respectively.
- Short I (Й, й) represents Шаблон:IPA.
- Щ represents Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA) and is called "щъ" Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA).
- Ъ represents the vowel Шаблон:IPA, and is called "ер голям" Шаблон:IPA ('big er'). In spelling however, Ъ is referred to as Шаблон:IPA where its official label "ер голям" (used only to refer to Ъ in the alphabet) may cause some confusion. The vowel Ъ Шаблон:IPA is sometimes approximated to the Шаблон:IPA (schwa) sound found in many languages for easier comprehension of its Bulgarian pronunciation for foreigners, but it is actually a back vowel, not a central vowel.Шаблон:Citation needed
- Ь is used on rare occasions (only after a consonant [and] before the vowel "о"), such as in the words 'каньон' (canyon), 'шофьор' (driver), etc. It is called "ер малък" ('small er').
The grave accent is used to distinguish the pronoun Шаблон:Angbr 'her' from the conjunction Шаблон:Angbr 'and'. Ѝ is not considered a separate letter but rather a special form of Шаблон:Lang.
Writing
Bulgarian is usually described as having a phonemic orthography, meaning that words are spelt the way they are pronounced. This is largely true, but there are exceptions. Three of the most cited examples are:
- The sounds Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, which appear only in unstressed syllables, are written with two different letters each – "Шаблон:Lang" or "Шаблон:Lang", and "Шаблон:Lang" or "Шаблон:Lang" respectively.
- The vowel in stressed verb endings Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang and the stressed short definite articles Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. Thus Шаблон:Lang ("I read") is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:Lang ("the man") is pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
- Voiced consonants are pronounced unvoiced when at the end of a word or when preceding an unvoiced consonant – e.g. Шаблон:Lang ("second") is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:Lang ("city") is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. Similarly, unvoiced consonants are pronounced voiced when preceding a voiced consonant – e.g. Шаблон:Lang ("building") is Шаблон:IPA. (The voiced consonant "Шаблон:Lang" is an exception – it does not cause the preceding unvoiced consonant to become voiced – Шаблон:Lang (wedding) is Шаблон:IPA.)
Modern developments
Since the time of Bulgaria's liberation in the late 19th century, the Bulgarian language has taken on a large number of words from Western European languages. All of these are transcribed phonetically into Cyrillic, e.g.:
- French – e.g. Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – sidewalk), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – corkscrew), Шаблон:Lang (from Шаблон:Lang – ground floor)
- German – e.g. Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – bandage), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – digger), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang – drill)
Notable is the transliteration of many English names through German, e.g.:
- Washington → Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), Scotland → Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang)
In the years since the end of communism and the rise of technology, the tendency for borrowing has shifted mainly to English, where much computer-related terminology has entered and been inflected accordingly – again, in a wholly phonetic way. Examples include:
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) – I click on the file
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) – you download it onto the desktop
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) – we chat on the net
The computer-related neologisms are often used interchangeably with traditional Bulgarian words, e.g. 'download' and 'upload' can be simply Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang – 'to bring down' and 'to put up').
Use of Roman script in Bulgarian
Шаблон:See also The insertion of English words directly into a Cyrillic Bulgarian sentence, while frowned upon, has been increasingly used in the media. This is done for several reasons, including –
- To shorten what would otherwise be a longer word or phrase –
- Шаблон:Lang[6] (instead of Шаблон:Lang - American)
- The Yanks oppose more US troops in Afghanistan
- To avoid the need to transcribe to Cyrillic or translate to Bulgarian well known abbreviations:
- Шаблон:Lang[7] (instead of, for example, Шаблон:Lang)
- We have not seen the end of SOPA, PIPA and ACTA
Brand names are also often not transcribed: WikiLeaks, YouTube, Skype – as opposed to Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang. However, this is not always the case, as in the headline "Шаблон:Lang"[8] (official transliteration: Feysbuk vs. Gugal). Note the inconsistency here – despite the insistence on Cyrillic, the "vs." has been retained in Roman script.
The 2012 Official Orthographic Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences permits widely known proper names to remain in their original alphabet. Example sentences are given, all containing names of American IT companies: Yahoo, Microsoft, YouTube, PayPal, Facebook.
Keyboard layout
Шаблон:See also The standard Bulgarian keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows:
See also
Шаблон:South Slavic languages sidebar
- Bulgarian Braille
- Cyrillic script in Unicode
- Macedonian alphabet
- Old Bulgarian
- Romanization of Belarusian
- Romanization of Greek
- Romanization of Macedonian
- Romanization of Russian
- Romanization of Ukrainian
- Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic
- Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
References
External links
Шаблон:Sister bar Шаблон:Language orthographies Шаблон:Bulgarian language Шаблон:Navboxes top Шаблон:Bulgarian dialects Шаблон:Languages of Bulgaria Шаблон:Slavic languages Шаблон:Bulgaria topics Шаблон:Navboxes bottom Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ pg. 11–12 of Шаблон:Lang. (Orthography and punctuation of the Bulgarian language). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 2011.
- ↑ The Yanks oppose more US troops in Afghanistan Шаблон:Webarchive (in Bulgarian) Monitor.bg, 13 Nov 2009. Retrieved 16 Sept 2012.
- ↑ Wikipedia: We are aware that we have not seen the end of SOPA, PIPA and ACTA (in Bulgarian) Darik News, 23 Feb 2012. Retrieved 16 Sept 2012.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
