Английская Википедия:Bulus ibn Raja'

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Būluṣ ibn Rajāʾ (born 950s, died after 1009), nicknamed al-Wāḍiḥ ('the Exposer' or 'Clarifier'), was a Coptic Christian monk, priest and apologist under the Fāṭimid Caliphate. He was a convert from Islam who wrote in Arabic.

Life

Ibn Rajāʾ was born probably in the 950s.Шаблон:Sfn His given name at birth was Yūsuf.Шаблон:Sfn His full name appears in the sources as al-Wāḍiḥ Yūsuf ibn Rajāʾ, al-Wāḍiḥ ibn Rajāʾ or Būluṣ ibn Rajāʾ.Шаблон:Sfn He was born in Cairo, where his father, Rajāʾ al-Shahīd, was a Sunnī jurist at the Shia Fāṭimid court.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The name of his mother is unknown. She may have been a Christian, but she was probably not a Copt, since her son grew up ignorant of the Coptic language.Шаблон:Sfn

Ibn Rajāʾ studied the Qurʾān, tafsīr (Qurʾānic interpretation), ḥadīth (tradition) and Islamic law.Шаблон:Sfn During the reign of the Caliph al-Muʿizz (973–975), he witnessed the execution of a Muslim convert to Christianity in Old Cairo and was moved by his prophetic final words.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Later, probably in the 980s, he undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca, but became lost during the return journey. He wound up in the church of Abū Sayfayn, where he converted and was baptised as Būluṣ (Paul).Шаблон:Sfn

When his family, who believed him to be lost in the desert, found him in Abū Sayfayn, they brought him home and tried to convince him to return to Islam.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Failing in this, his father sent him away. He travelled to the monasteries of the Wādī al-Naṭrūn, where he took vows as a monk. A fellow monk convinced him to publicly declare his conversion in Cairo.Шаблон:Sfn This provoked his father to extreme measures to bring him back to Islam.Шаблон:Sfn When these failed, he denounced his son to the Caliph al-ʿAzīz Bi'llāh, who appointed the chief judge of Egypt to investigate the case. He received support from notable figures such as the caliph's Christian wife, al-Sayyida al-ʿAzīziyya, and was eventually let go.Шаблон:Sfn

Ibn Rajāʾ returned to the Wādī al-Naṭrūn and was ordained a priest.Шаблон:Sfn He built a church dedicated to Saint Michael in Raʾs al-Khalīj.Шаблон:Sfn His father sent some Bedouin to kill him, but he escaped into the Delta.Шаблон:Sfn There he served as steward of the church of Saint Theodore in Sandafā.Шаблон:Sfn There he also met Theodore ibn Mīnā, secretary of the Holy Synod.Шаблон:Sfn He gave an oral account his life to Theodore, who later passed it on to Michael of Damrū, who in 1051 incorporated Ibn Rajāʾ's biography into his continuation of the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria under the patriachate of Philotheos (979–1003).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ibn Rajāʾ was still alive in August 1009, since he wrote that 400 years had passed in the Islamic calendar.Шаблон:Sfn He was buried in the church in Sandafā.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The Coptic Orthodox Church does not formally recognize Ibn Rajāʾ as a saint, but rather as a "holy exemplar". Michael's hagiographical biography, however, refers to him as a "saint" (al-qiddīs).Шаблон:Sfn Other medieval sources on Ibn Rajāʾ include Ibn al-Rāhib, Ibn Kabar and Yūsāb of Fuwa.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Kabar claims that he wrote an autobiography, but this may be a mistaken reference to the History of the Patriarchs.Шаблон:Sfn

Works

According to the biography in the History of the Patriarchs, Ibn Rajāʾ wrote three works. The last of these is preserved and in it he cites his two earlier works.Шаблон:Sfn These two works are not known for certain to be extant,Шаблон:Sfn although copies may exist in a private collection in Aleppo.Шаблон:Sfn

The Nawādir and the Kitāb al-ibāna were reported by Шаблон:Ill in manuscripts now inaccessible to scholars. He descibres the former as a refutation of Islam. Its title implies that it cites tafsīr to this end. The title of the second work implies that it points out the contradictions in the ḥadīth corpus. The title Hatk al-maḥjūb is reported by Ibn Kabar.Шаблон:Sfn

The Kitāb al-wāḍiḥ was translated into Latin in the 13th century under the title Liber denudationis sive ostensionis aut patefaciens ('Book of Denuding or Exposing, or the Discloser').Шаблон:Sfn It is preserved in whole or in part in four Arabic manuscriptsШаблон:Sfn and in one Latin manuscript.Шаблон:Sfn

According to both the History of the Patriarchs and his own Kitāb al-wāḍiḥ, Ibn Rajāʾ was a close friend and collaborator of Sāwīrus ibn al-Muqaffaʿ.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The two spent much time in discussions on biblical interpretation.Шаблон:Sfn They were among the pioneers of Copto-Arabic literature.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

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Bibliography

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb takes this to be a fourth work.
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