Английская Википедия:Burmese alphabet

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox Writing system Шаблон:Contains special characters Шаблон:Brahmic The Burmese alphabet (Шаблон:Lang-my myanma akkha.ya, Шаблон:IPA-my) is an abugida used for writing Burmese. It is ultimately adapted from a Brahmic script, either the Kadamba or Pallava alphabet of South India. The Burmese alphabet is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit. In recent decades, other, related alphabets, such as Shan and modern Mon, have been restructured according to the standard of the Burmese alphabet (see Mon–Burmese script.)

Burmese is written from left to right and requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability and to avoid grammar complications. There are several systems of transliteration into the Latin alphabet; for this article, the MLC Transcription System is used.

Alphabet

History

Файл:Burmese-Pali Manuscript. Wellcome L0026547.jpg

A Pali manuscript of the Buddhist text Mahaniddesa showing three different styles of the Burmese alphabet, (top) medium square, (centre) round and (bottom) outline round in red lacquer from the inside of one of the gilded covers

The Burmese alphabet was derived from the Pyu script, the Old Mon script, or directly from a South Indian script,^[1] either the Kadamba or Pallava alphabet.^[2] The earliest evidence of the Burmese alphabet is dated to 1035, while a casting made in the 18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984.^[2] Burmese calligraphy originally followed a square format but the cursive format took hold from the 17th century when popular writing led to the wider use of palm leaves and folded paper known as parabaiks.^[3] A stylus would rip these leaves when making straight lines.^[3] The alphabet has undergone considerable modification to suit the evolving phonology of the Burmese language.

Arrangement

As with other Brahmic scripts, the Burmese alphabet is arranged into groups of five letters for stop consonants called wek (ဝဂ်, from Pali Шаблон:IAST) based on articulation. Within each group, the first letter is tenuis ("plain"), the second is the aspirated homologue, the third and fourth are the voiced homologues and the fifth is the nasal homologue. This is true of the first twenty-five letters in the Burmese alphabet, which are called grouped together as wek byi (ဝဂ်ဗျည်း, from Pali Шаблон:IAST). The remaining eight letters (Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr) are grouped together as a wek (အဝဂ်, Шаблон:Lit), as they are not arranged in any particular pattern.

Letters

A letter is a consonant or consonant cluster that occurs before the vowel of a syllable. The Burmese alphabet has 33 letters to indicate the initial consonant of a syllable and four diacritics to indicate additional consonants in the onset. Like other abugidas, including the other members of the Brahmic family, vowels are indicated in Burmese alphabet by diacritics, which are placed above, below, before or after the consonant character. A consonant character with no vowel diacritic has the inherent vowel Шаблон:IPA (often reduced to Шаблон:IPA when another syllable follows in the same word).

The following table provides the letter, the syllable onset in IPA and the way the letter is referred to in Burmese, which may be either a descriptive name or just the sound of the letter, arranged in the traditional order:

Group name	Grouped consonants
Group name	Unaspirated (သိထိလ)			Aspirated (ဓနိတ)			Voiced (လဟု)						Nasal (နိဂ္ဂဟိတ)
Velars (ကဏ္ဍဇ) ကဝဂ်	က	k	Шаблон:IPA	ခ	hk	Шаблон:IPA	ဂ	g	Шаблон:IPA	ဃ	gh	Шаблон:IPA	င	ng	Шаблон:IPA
Velars (ကဏ္ဍဇ) ကဝဂ်	ကကြီး Шаблон:IPA			ခကွေး Шаблон:IPA			ဂငယ် Шаблон:IPA			ဃကြီး Шаблон:IPA			င Шаблон:IPA
Palatals (တာလုဇ) စဝဂ်	စ	c	Шаблон:IPA	ဆ	hc	Шаблон:IPA	ဇ	j	Шаблон:IPA	ဈ	jh	Шаблон:IPA	ဉ / ည	ny	Шаблон:IPA
Palatals (တာလုဇ) စဝဂ်	စလုံး Шаблон:IPA			ဆလိမ် Шаблон:IPA			ဇကွဲ Шаблон:IPA			ဈမျဉ်းဆွဲ Шаблон:IPA			ညကလေး/ ညကြီး Шаблон:IPA
Alveolars (မုဒ္ဓဇ) ဋဝဂ်	ဋ	t	Шаблон:IPA	ဌ	ht	Шаблон:IPA	ဍ	d	Шаблон:IPA	ဎ	dh	Шаблон:IPA	ဏ	n	Шаблон:IPA
Alveolars (မုဒ္ဓဇ) ဋဝဂ်	ဋသန်လျင်းချိတ် Шаблон:IPA			ဌဝမ်းဘဲ Шаблон:IPA			ဍရင်ကောက် Шаблон:IPA			ဎရေမှုတ် Шаблон:IPA			ဏကြီး Шаблон:IPA
Dentals (ဒန္တဇ) တဝဂ်	တ	t	Шаблон:IPA	ထ	ht	Шаблон:IPA	ဒ	d	Шаблон:IPA	ဓ	dh	Шаблон:IPA	န	n	Шаблон:IPA
Dentals (ဒန္တဇ) တဝဂ်	တဝမ်းပူ Шаблон:IPA			ထဆင်ထူး Шаблон:IPA			ဒထွေး Шаблон:IPA			ဓအောက်ခြိုက် Шаблон:IPA			နငယ် Шаблон:IPA
Labials (ဩဌဇ) ပဝဂ်	ပ	p	Шаблон:IPA	ဖ	hp	Шаблон:IPA	ဗ	b	Шаблон:IPA	ဘ	bh	Шаблон:IPA	မ	m	Шаблон:IPA
Labials (ဩဌဇ) ပဝဂ်	ပစောက် (Шаблон:IPA)			ဖဦးထုပ် (Шаблон:IPA)			ဗထက်ခြိုက် (Шаблон:IPA)			ဘကုန်း (Шаблон:IPA)			မ Шаблон:IPA
Miscellaneous consonants
Without group (အဝဂ်)	ယ	y	Шаблон:IPA	ရ	r	Шаблон:IPA	လ	l	Шаблон:IPA	ဝ	w	Шаблон:IPA	သ	s	Шаблон:IPA
	ယပက်လက် Шаблон:IPA			ရကောက်‌ Шаблон:IPA			လငယ် Шаблон:IPA			ဝ‌ Шаблон:IPA			သ‌ Шаблон:IPA
				ဟ	h	Шаблон:IPA	ဠ	l	Шаблон:IPA	အ	a	Шаблон:IPA
				ဟ‌ Шаблон:IPA			ဠကြီး Шаблон:IPA			အ Шаблон:IPA
Independent vowels
	ဣ	i.	Шаблон:IPA	ဤ	i	Шаблон:IPA	ဥ	u.	Шаблон:IPA	ဦ	u	Шаблон:IPA
	ဧ	e	Шаблон:IPA	ဩ	au:	Шаблон:IPA	ဪ	au	Шаблон:IPA

ဃ (Шаблон:IAST), ဈ (Шаблон:IAST), ဋ (Шаблон:IAST), ဌ (Шаблон:IAST), ဍ (Шаблон:IAST), ဎ (Шаблон:IAST), ဏ (Шаблон:IAST), ဓ (Шаблон:IAST), ဘ (Шаблон:IAST), and ဠ (Шаблон:IAST) are primarily used in words of Pali origin.
ၐ (Шаблон:IAST) and ၑ (Шаблон:IAST) are exclusively used in Sanskrit words, as they have merged to သ in Pali.
ည has an alternate form ဉ, used with the vowel diacritic ာ as a syllable onset and alone as a final.
With regard to pronunciation, the corresponding letters of the dentals and alveolars are phonetically equivalent.
In formal speech, ရ is often pronounced Шаблон:IPA-my in words of Pali or foreign origin.
အ is nominally treated as a consonant in the Burmese alphabet; it represents an initial glottal stop in syllables with no other consonant.
The letter န (n) uses a different form when there is a diacritic under it like in နု (nu.)

Consonant letters may be modified by one or more medial diacritics (three at most), indicating an additional consonant before the vowel. These diacritics are:

Ya pin (ယပင့်) – Written ျ (MLCTS -y-, indicating /j/ medial or palatalization of a velar consonant (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA))
Ya yit (ရရစ်) – Written ြ (MLCTS -r-, indicating /j/ medial or palatalization of a velar consonant)
Wa hswe (ဝဆွဲ) – Written ွ (MLCTS -w-, usually indicating /w/ medial)
Ha hto (ဟထိုး) – ှ (MLCTS h-, indicating that a sonorant consonant is voiceless)

A few Burmese dialects use an extra diacritic to indicate the /l/ medial, which has merged to /j/ in standard Burmese:

La hswe (လဆွဲ) – Written ္လ (MLCTS -l, indicating /l/ medial

All the possible diacritic combinations are listed below:

Diacritics for medial consonants, used with မ Шаблон:IPA as a sample letter
Base	Letter	IPA	MLCTS	Remarks
ျ ya pin	မျ	Шаблон:IPA	my	Generally only used on bilabial and velar consonants (က ခ ဂ ဃ င ပ ဖ ဗ မ လ သ). Palatalizes velar consonants: ကျ (ky), ချ (hky), ဂျ (gy) are pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
	မျှ	Шаблон:IPA	hmy	သျှ (hsy) and လျှ (hly) are pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
	မျွ	Шаблон:IPA	myw
	မျွှ	Шаблон:IPA	hmyw
ြ ya yit	မြ	Шаблон:IPA	mr	Generally only used on bilabial and velar consonants (က ခ ဂ ဃ င ပ ဖ ဗ မ). (but in Pali and Sanskrit loanwords, can be used for other consonants as well e.g. ဣန္ဒြေ ) Palatalizes velar consonants: ကြ (kr), ခြ (hkr), ဂြ (gr), ငြ (ngr) are pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
	မြှ	Шаблон:IPA	hmr
	မြွ	Шаблон:IPA	mrw
	မြွှ	Шаблон:IPA	hmrw
ွ wa hswe	မွ	Шаблон:IPA	mw
ွ wa hswe	မွှ	Шаблон:IPA	hmw
ှ ha hto	မှ	Шаблон:IPA	hm	Used only in ငှ (hng) Шаблон:IPA, ညှ/ဉှ (hny) Шаблон:IPA, နှ (hn) Шаблон:IPA, မှ (hm) Шаблон:IPA, လှ (hl) Шаблон:IPA, ဝှ (hw) Шаблон:IPA. ယှ (hy) and ရှ (hr) are pronounced Шаблон:IPA.

Stroke order

Letters in the Burmese alphabet are written with a specific stroke order. The letter forms of the Burmese script are based on circles. Typically, one circle should be done with one stroke, and all circles are written clockwise. Exceptions are mostly letters with an opening on top. The circle of these letters is written with two strokes coming from opposite directions.

The ten following letters are exceptions to the clockwise rule: ပ, ဖ, ဗ, မ, ယ, လ, ဟ, ဃ, ဎ, ဏ. Some versions of stroke order may be slightly different.

The Burmese stroke order can be learned from ပထမတန်း မြန်မာဖတ်စာ ၂၀၁၇-၂၀၁၈ (Burmese Grade 1, 2017-2018), a textbook published by the Burmese Ministry of Education. The book is available under the LearnBig project of UNESCO.^[4] Other resources include the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University^[5] and an online learning resource published by the Ministry of Education, Taiwan.^[6]

Файл:Burmese Consonant Stroke.jpg

Stroke order and direction of Burmese consonants

Syllable rhymes

Syllable rhymes (i.e. vowels and any consonants that may follow them within the same syllable) are indicated in Burmese by a combination of diacritic marks and consonant letters marked with the virama character ် which suppresses the inherent vowel of the consonant letter. This mark is called asat in Burmese (Шаблон:MYname, Шаблон:IPA), which means "nonexistence" (see Sat (Sanskrit)).

Syllable rhymes of Burmese, used with the letter က Шаблон:IPA as a sample
Grapheme	IPA	MLCTS	Remarks
က	Шаблон:IPA	ka.	Шаблон:IPA is the inherent vowel, and is not indicated by any diacritic. In theory, virtually any written syllable that is not the final syllable of a word can be pronounced with the vowel Шаблон:IPA (with no tone and no syllable-final Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA) as its rhyme. In practice, the bare consonant letter alone is the most common way of spelling syllables whose rhyme is Шаблон:IPA.
ကာ	Шаблон:IPA	ka	Takes the alternative form ါ with certain consonants, e.g. ဂါ ga Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]}
ကား	Шаблон:IPA	ka:	Takes the alternative form ါး with certain consonants, e.g. ဂါး ga: Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]}
ကက်	Шаблон:IPA	kak
ကင်	Шаблон:IPA	kang
ကင့်	Шаблон:IPA	kang.
ကင်း	Шаблон:IPA	kang:
ကစ်	Шаблон:IPA	kac
ကည်	Шаблон:IPA	kany
ကဉ်	Шаблон:IPA	kany
ကည့်	Шаблон:IPA	kany.
ကဉ့်	Шаблон:IPA	kany.
ကည်း	Шаблон:IPA	kany:
ကဉ်း	Шаблон:IPA	kany:
ကတ်	Шаблон:IPA	kat
ကန်	Шаблон:IPA	kan
ကန့်	Шаблон:IPA	kan.
ကန်း	Шаблон:IPA	kan:
ကပ်	Шаблон:IPA	kap
ကမ်	Шаблон:IPA	kam
ကမ့်	Шаблон:IPA	kam.
ကမ်း	Шаблон:IPA	kam:
ကယ်	Шаблон:IPA	kai
ကံ	Шаблон:IPA	kam
ကံ့	Шаблон:IPA	kam.
ကံး	Шаблон:IPA	kam:
ကိ	Шаблон:IPA	ki.	As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဣ.
ကိတ်	Шаблон:IPA	kit
ကိန်	Шаблон:IPA	kin
ကိန့်	Шаблон:IPA	kin.
ကိန်း	Шаблон:IPA	kin:
ကိပ်	Шаблон:IPA	kip
ကိမ်	Шаблон:IPA	kim
ကိမ့်	Шаблон:IPA	kim.
ကိမ်း	Шаблон:IPA	kim:
ကိံ	Шаблон:IPA	kim
ကိံ့	Шаблон:IPA	kim.
ကိံး	Шаблон:IPA	kim:
ကီ	Шаблон:IPA	ki	As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဤ.
ကီး	Шаблон:IPA	ki:
ကု	Шаблон:IPA	ku.	As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဥ.
ကုတ်	Шаблон:IPA	kut
ကုန်	Шаблон:IPA	kun
ကုန့်	Шаблон:IPA	kun.
ကုန်း	Шаблон:IPA	kun:
ကုပ်	Шаблон:IPA	kup
ကုမ်	Шаблон:IPA	kum
ကုမ့်	Шаблон:IPA	kum.
ကုမ်း	Шаблон:IPA	kum:
ကုံ	Шаблон:IPA	kum
ကုံ့	Шаблон:IPA	kum.
ကုံး	Шаблон:IPA	kum:
ကူ	Шаблон:IPA	ku	As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဦ.
ကူး	Шаблон:IPA	ku:	As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဦး.
ကေ	Шаблон:IPA	ke	As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဧ.
ကေ့	Шаблон:IPA	ke.
ကေး	Шаблон:IPA	ke:	As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဧး.
ကဲ	Шаблон:IPA	kai:
ကဲ့	Шаблон:IPA	kai.
ကော	Шаблон:IPA	kau:	Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါ gau: Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]} As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဩ.
ကောက်	Шаблон:IPA	kauk	Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါက် gauk Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]}
ကောင်	Шаблон:IPA	kaung	Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါင် gaung Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]}
ကောင့်	Шаблон:IPA	kaung.	Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါင့် gaung. Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]}
ကောင်း	Шаблон:IPA	kaung:	Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါင်း gaung: Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]}
ကော့	Шаблон:IPA	kau.	Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါ့ gau. Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]}
ကော်	Шаблон:IPA	kau	Takes an alternative long form with certain consonants, e.g. ဂေါ် gau Шаблон:IPA.^{[* 1]} As an open vowel, Шаблон:IPA is represented by ဪ.
ကို	Шаблон:IPA	kui
ကိုက်	Шаблон:IPA	kuik
ကိုင်	Шаблон:IPA	kuing
ကိုင့်	Шаблон:IPA	kuing.
ကိုင်း	Шаблон:IPA	kuing:
ကို့	Шаблон:IPA	kui.
ကိုး	Шаблон:IPA	kui:
ကွတ်	Шаблон:IPA	kwat
ကွန်	Шаблон:IPA	kwan
ကွန့်	Шаблон:IPA	kwan.
ကွန်း	Шаблон:IPA	kwan:
ကွပ်	Шаблон:IPA	kwap
ကွမ်	Шаблон:IPA	kwam
ကွမ့်	Шаблон:IPA	kwam.
ကွမ်း	Шаблон:IPA	kwam:

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 ^1,5 ^1,6 ^1,7 ^1,8 The consonant letters that take the long form ါ are ခ, ဂ, င, ဒ, ပ, and ဝ.

Diacritics and symbols

Symbol	Burmese name	Notes
်	အသတ်, တံခွန် ရှေ့ထိုး	Virama; deletes the inherent vowel, thereby making a syllable final consonant, most often with က င စ ည (ဉ) ဏ တ န ပ မ and occasionally other consonants in loan words. It is also used as a marginal tone marker, creating low-tone variants of the two inherently high-tone vowel symbols: ယ် which is the low tone variant /ɛ̀/ of ဲ (by default /ɛ́/), and ော် and ေါ် both of which are the low tone variants /ɔ̀/ of ော and ေါ (by default /ɔ́/). In this context the ် symbol is called ရှေ့ထိုး /ʃḛtʰó/.^[7]
င်္ ◌^င်	ကင်းစီး	Superscripted miniature version of င်; phonetic equivalent of nasalized င် (Шаблон:IPA) final. Found mainly in Pali and Sanskrit loans (e.g. "Tuesday," spelled အင်္ဂါ and not အင်ဂါ).^[7]
့	အောက်မြစ်	Creates creaky tone. Only used with nasal finals or vowels which inherently indicate a low or high tone.^[7]
◌း	ဝစ္စပေါက်, ဝိသဇ္ဇနီ, ရှေ့ကပေါက်, ရှေ့ဆီး	Visarga; creates high tone. Can follow a nasal final marked with virama, or a vowel which inherently implies creaky tone or low tone.^[7]
ာ or ါ	ရေးချ, မောက်ချ, ဝိုက်ချ	when used alone, it Indicates /à/.^[7] Generically referred to as ရေးချ /jéːtʃʰa̰/ this diacritic takes two distinct forms. By default it is written ာ which is called ဝိုက်ချ /waɪʔtʃʰa̰/ for specificity, but to avoid ambiguity when following the consonants ခ ဂ င ဒ ပ ဝ, it is written tall as ါ and called မောက်ချ /maʊʔtʃʰa̰/.^[7] Although typically not permissible in closed syllables, solitary ာ or ါ can be found in some words of Pali origin such as ဓာတ် (essence, element) or မာန် (pride).
ေ	သဝေထိုး	Indicates Шаблон:IPA It can be combined with the vowel mark ာ or ါ to form ော or ေါ which indicate /ɔ́/ in open syllables or /àʊ/ before က or င. The low-tone variant of this vowel in open syllables is written ော် or ေါ်.^[7] Generally only permissible in open syllables, but occasionally found in closed syllables in loan words such as မေတ္တာ (metta)
ော ေါ	–	a combination of ေ and ာ or ါ (see above). Indicates /ɔ́/ in open syllables or /aʊ/ before က or င. The low-tone variant of this vowel in open syllables is written ော် or ေါ်.^[7]
ဲ	နောက်ပစ်	Indicates Шаблон:IPA. Only found in open syllables.^[7]
ု	တစ်ချောင်းငင်	When used alone, indicates Шаблон:IPA in open syllables or Шаблон:IPA in closed syllables.^[7]
ူ	နှစ်ချောင်းငင်	Indicates Шаблон:IPA. Only found in open syllables.^[7]
ိ	လုံးကြီးတင်	Indicates Шаблон:IPA in open syllables, or Шаблон:IPA in closed syllables.^[7]
ီ	လုံးကြီးတင်ဆံခတ်	Indicates Шаблон:IPA. Only found in open syllables.^[7]
ို	–	Indicates Шаблон:IPA in open syllables, or Шаблон:IPA before က or င. A combination of the ိ and ု vowel diacritics.
ွ	ဝဆွဲ	used alone, indicates Шаблон:IPA in open syllables or, variously, Шаблон:IPA in closed syllables. In open syllables it may also be combined with the vowel marks ေ ဲ ာ ါ ယ် and the tone markers to add a medial /w/ between the initial and vowel.^[7] Rarely found in the combinations ွိုင် and ွိုက် to transcribe the /ɔɪ/ vowel of English.
ံ	သေးသေးတင်	Anusvara, within multisyllabic words it functions as a homorganic nasal. Word finally it functions like a final -m, changing the vowel and implying a low tone by default, although it may be combined with tone markers to create high or creaky tone syllables. It is most commonly used alone or combined with the vowel ု; however, it may also be combined with ွ or ိ. Combined to form ုံ့ ုံ ုံး, which changes rhyme to Шаблон:IPA
ၖ		used exclusively for Sanskrit r̥
ၗ		used exclusively for Sanskrit r̥̄
ေါ်	သဝေထိုးရေးချရှေ့ထိုး	used to denote "ော်" in some letters to avoid confusion for က, တ, ဘ, ဟ, အ.^[8]

One or more of these accents can be added to a consonant to change its sound. In addition, other modifying symbols are used to differentiate tone and sound, but are not considered diacritics.

History

La hswe (လဆွဲ) was used in old Burmese from the Bagan to Innwa periods (12th century – 16th century), and could be combined with other diacritics (ya pin, ha hto and wa hswe) to form ္လျ ္လွ ္လှ.^[9]^[10] Similarly, until the Innwa period, ya pin was also combined with ya yit to form ျြ. From the early Bagan period to the 19th century, ဝ် was used instead of ော် for the rhyme Шаблон:IPA Early Burmese writing also used ဟ်, not the high tone marker း, which came into being in the 16th century. Moreover, အ်, which disappeared by the 16th century, was subscripted to represent creaky tone (now indicated with ့). During the early Bagan period, the rhyme Шаблон:IPA (now represented with the diacritic ဲ) was represented with ါယ်). The diacritic combination ိုဝ် disappeared in the mid-1750s (typically designated as Middle Burmese), having been replaced with the ို combination, introduced in 1638. The standard tone markings found in modern Burmese can be traced to the 19th century.^[10]

Stacked consonants

Certain sequences of consonants are written one atop the other, or stacked. A pair of stacked consonants indicates that no vowel is pronounced between them.

For example, the word ကမ္ဘာ (kambha), which means "world", contains the stacked consonant မ္ဘ (m-bh). The first consonant is မ (m) and the second consonant is ဘ (bh). No vowel is pronounced between m and bh.

When stacked, the first consonant is written normally (i.e., not super- or subscripted). It has an implied virama ် and is the final of the preceding syllable. In the case of ကမ္ဘာ, an implied virama is applied to the first consonant (မ်), which is the final of the preceding syllable က, producing ကမ် (kam).

The second consonant is subscripted beneath the first consonant and is the onset of the following syllable. In the case of ကမ္ဘာ, ဘ is the second consonant and is the onset of ာ (the following syllable), producing ဘာ (bha).

The equivalent form of ကမ္ဘာ is thus read *ကမ်ဘာ (kambha). If the မ (m) and ဘ (bh) were not stacked (i.e., ကမဘာ), the pronunciation would be different as the inherent vowel "a" would apply to the မ (i.e., *ကမဘာ kamabha).

Stacked consonants are always homorganic (pronounced in the same place in the mouth), which is indicated by the traditional arrangement of the Burmese alphabet into the seven five-letter rows of letters (called ဝဂ်). Consonants not found in the rows beginning with က, စ, ဋ, တ, or ပ can only be doubled – that is, stacked with themselves.

Group	Possible combinations	Transcriptions	Example
K	က္က, က္ခ, ဂ္ဂ, ဂ္ဃ	kk, kkh, gg, ggh [also ng?]	dukkha (ဒုက္ခ), meaning "suffering"
C	စ္စ, စ္ဆ, ဇ္ဇ, ဇ္ဈ, ဉ္စ, ဉ္ဆ, ဉ္ဇ, ဉ္ဈ	cc, cch, jj, jjh, nyc, nych, nyj, nyjh	wijja (ဝိဇ္ဇာ), meaning "knowledge"
T	ဋ္ဋ, ဋ္ဌ, ဍ္ဍ, ဍ္ဎ, ဏ္ဋ, ဏ္ဍ	tt, tth, dd, ddh, nt, nd	kanda (ကဏ္ဍ), meaning "section"
T	တ္တ, တ္ထ, ဒ္ဒ, ဒ္ဓ, န္တ, န္ထ, န္ဒ, န္ဓ, န္န	tt, tth, dd, ddh, nt, nth, nd, ndh, nn	manta. le: (မန္တလေး), Mandalay, a city in Myanmar
P	ပ္ပ, ပ္ဖ, ဗ္ဗ, ဗ္ဘ, မ္ပ, မ္ဗ, မ္ဘ, မ္မ,	pp, pph, bb, bbh, mp, mb, mbh, mm	kambha (ကမ္ဘာ), meaning "world"
(other)	ဿ, လ္လ, ဠ္ဠ	ss, ll, ll	pissa (ပိဿာ), meaning viss, a traditional Burmese unit of weight measurement

Stacked consonants are largely confined to loan words from languages like Pali, Sanskrit, and occasionally English. For instance, the Burmese word for "self" (via Pali Шаблон:IAST) is spelt အတ္တ, not *အတ်တ, although both would be read the same.

Stacked consonants are generally not found in native Burmese words, with a major exception being abbreviations. For example, the Burmese word သမီး "daughter" is sometimes abbreviated to သ္မီး, even though the stacked consonants do not belong to the same row in the ဝဂ် and a vowel is pronounced between. Similarly, လက်ဖက် "tea" is commonly abbreviated to လ္ဘက်. Also, ss is written ဿ, not သ္သ.

Digits

Шаблон:Main

A decimal numbering system is used, and numbers are written in the same order as Hindu–Arabic numerals.

The digits from zero to nine are: ၀၁၂၃၄၅၆၇၈၉ (Unicode 1040 to 1049). The number 1945 would be written as ၁၉၄၅. Separators, such as commas, are not used to group numbers.

Punctuation

There are two primary break characters in Burmese, drawn as one or two downward strokes: ၊ (called ပုဒ်ဖြတ်, ပုဒ်ကလေး, ပုဒ်ထီး, or တစ်ချောင်းပုဒ်) and ။ (called ပုဒ်ကြီး, ပုဒ်မ, or နှစ်ချောင်းပုဒ်), which respectively act as a comma and a full stop. There is a Shan exclamation mark ႟. Other abbreviations used in literary Burmese are:

၏ – used as a full stop if the sentence immediately ends with a verb.

-possessive particle( 's, of)

၍ – used as a conjunction.
၌ – locative ('at').
၎င်း – ditto (used in columns and lists)

Unicode

Шаблон:Main Myanmar script was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.

The Unicode block for Myanmar is U+1000–U+109F:

Шаблон:Unicode chart Myanmar

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Cite news
Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Cite book
Hosken, Martin. (2012). "Representing Myanmar in Unicode: Details and Examples" (ver. 4). Unicode Technical Note 11.
Шаблон:Cite book
Sawada, Hideo. (2013). "Some Properties of Burmese Script". Presented at the 23rd Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS23), Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Fonts supporting Burmese characters

Burmese Wikipedia:Font page
Burmese Unicode & NLP Research Centre
Parabaik Myanmar Unicode Project GPLed and OFLed
Ayar Myanmar online dictionary and download
Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip Ka Naung Converter Engine
http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/myanmar/
Padauk – Free Burmese Unicode font distributed by SIL International
U.N.O.B. USA has separate download links for Zawgyi font for Windows, MAC-Apple, and iPhone/iPad.

Font сonverters

Шаблон:Burmese language Шаблон:List of writing systems Шаблон:Authority control

↑ Lieberman 2003: 114
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Aung-Thwin (2005): 167–178, 197–200
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 Lieberman (2003): 136
↑ Myanmar Grade 1 Textbook. Ministry of Education, Myanmar. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from https://www.learnbig.net/books/myanmar-grade-1-textbook-2/ Шаблон:Webarchive
↑ Burmese script lessons. SEASite. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from http://seasite.niu.edu/Burmese/script/script_index.htm
↑ 緬甸語25子音筆順動畫. 新住民語文數位學習教材計畫, Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHG5O5tNcuTL9VsxDe5hd0JBVJnzdlNHD
↑ ^7,00 ^7,01 ^7,02 ^7,03 ^7,04 ^7,05 ^7,06 ^7,07 ^7,08 ^7,09 ^7,10 ^7,11 ^7,12 ^7,13 Mesher, Gene (2006) Burmese for Beginners, Paiboon Publishing Шаблон:ISBN
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Herbert et al (1989): 5–2
↑ ^10,0 ^10,1 MLC (1993)

[Long-7] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 ^1,5 ^1,6 ^1,7 ^1,8 The consonant letters that take the long form ါ are ခ, ဂ, င, ဒ, ပ, and ဝ.

[vbl-114-1] Lieberman 2003: 114

[mat-2005-167-178-197-200-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Aung-Thwin (2005): 167–178, 197–200

[vbl-136-3] 3,0 ^3,1 Lieberman (2003): 136

[4] Myanmar Grade 1 Textbook. Ministry of Education, Myanmar. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from https://www.learnbig.net/books/myanmar-grade-1-textbook-2/ Шаблон:Webarchive

[5] Burmese script lessons. SEASite. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from http://seasite.niu.edu/Burmese/script/script_index.htm

[6] 緬甸語25子音筆順動畫. 新住民語文數位學習教材計畫, Ministry of Education, Taiwan. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHG5O5tNcuTL9VsxDe5hd0JBVJnzdlNHD

[Mesher-8] 7,00 ^7,01 ^7,02 ^7,03 ^7,04 ^7,05 ^7,06 ^7,07 ^7,08 ^7,09 ^7,10 ^7,11 ^7,12 ^7,13 Mesher, Gene (2006) Burmese for Beginners, Paiboon Publishing Шаблон:ISBN

[shop.lonelyplanet.com-9] Шаблон:Cite web

[sea-10] Herbert et al (1989): 5–2

[mlc-11] 10,0 ^10,1 MLC (1993)

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Английская Википедия:Burmese alphabet

Содержание

Alphabet

History

Arrangement

Letters

Stroke order

Syllable rhymes

Diacritics and symbols

History

Stacked consonants

Digits

Punctuation

Unicode

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Fonts supporting Burmese characters

Font сonverters

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Действия на странице

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