Английская Википедия:Burmese pronouns
Burmese pronouns (Шаблон:Lang-my) are words in the Burmese language used to address or refer to people or things.
Subject pronouns begin sentences, though the subject is generally omitted in the imperative forms and in conversation. Grammatically speaking, subject marker particles (Шаблон:My (Шаблон:IPA-my in colloquial, Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my in formal) must be attached to the subject pronoun, although they are also generally omitted in conversation. Object pronouns must have an object marker particle (Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my in colloquial, Шаблон:My Шаблон:IPA-my in formal) attached immediately after the pronoun. Proper nouns are often substituted for pronouns, an example of pronoun avoidance. One's status in relation to the audience determines the pronouns used, with certain pronouns used for different audiences.
Personal pronouns
Polite pronouns are used to address elders, teachers and strangers, through the use of feudal-era third person pronouns in lieu of first and second person pronouns. In such situations, one refers to oneself in third person: Шаблон:My (kya. nau Шаблон:IPA-my) for males, and Шаблон:My (kya. ma. Шаблон:IPA-my) for females, both meaning "your servant") and refer to the addressee as Шаблон:My (min Шаблон:IPA-my; "your highness"), Шаблон:My (khang bya: Шаблон:IPA-my; "master lord")[1] or Шаблон:My (hrang Шаблон:IPA-my; "ruler/master").Шаблон:Sfn So ingrained are these terms in the daily polite speech that people use them as the first and second person pronouns without giving a second thought to the root meaning of these pronouns.
When speaking to a person of the same status or of younger age, Шаблон:My (nga Шаблон:IPA-my; "I/me") and Шаблон:My (nang Шаблон:IPA-my; "you") may be used, although most speakers choose to use third person pronouns, typically derived from Burmese kinship terms.Шаблон:Sfn For example, an older person may use Шаблон:My (dau le: Шаблон:IPA-my; "aunt") or Шаблон:My (u: lei: Шаблон:IPA-my; "uncle") to refer to himself, while a younger person may use either Шаблон:My (sa: Шаблон:IPA-my; son) or Шаблон:My (sa.mi: Шаблон:IPA-my; daughter).
Basic personal pronouns
Basic pronouns can be pluralized by suffixing the following particles to the pronoun: Шаблон:My (tui.) or colloquial Шаблон:My (dui.).
| IPA | Burmese | Person | Level of speech |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | First | Informal | used when speaking to one's equals or inferiors |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Formal | used by males | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Formal | used by females | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Informal | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Informal | a contraction of ကျွန်ုပ် | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Second | Informal | used when speaking to one's equals or inferiors |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Informal | used when speaking to one's equals or inferiors | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Informal | used by females when addressing another female of same age or one younger | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Informal | used by females | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Formal | used by males | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Formal | used by females | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Formal | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | Third | ||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My | |||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:My |
Religious personal pronouns
Other pronouns are reserved for speaking with Buddhist monks. When speaking to a monk, pronouns like Шаблон:My bhun: bhun: (from Шаблон:My phun: kri:, "monk"), Шаблон:My (chara dau Шаблон:IPA-my; "royal teacher"), and Шаблон:My (a.hrang bhu.ra:; Шаблон:IPA-my; "your lordship") are used depending on their status (Шаблон:My); when referring to oneself, terms like Шаблон:My (ta. pany. tau ; "royal disciple") or Шаблон:My (da. ka Шаблон:IPA-my, "donor") are used. When speaking to a monk, the following pronouns are used:
| Singular | ||
|---|---|---|
| Informal | Formal | |
| 1st person | Шаблон:MyШаблон:Efn ta.pany. do |
Шаблон:MyШаблон:Efn da. ka Шаблон:IPA-my |
| 2nd person | Шаблон:My bhun: bhun: (Шаблон:IPA-my) Шаблон:My (u:) pasang: (Шаблон:IPA-my) |
Шаблон:My a.hrang bhu.ra: (Шаблон:IPA-my) Шаблон:MyШаблон:Efn chara dau (Шаблон:IPA-my) |
Contraction pronunciation rule
In colloquial Burmese, possessive pronouns are contracted when the root pronoun itself is low toned. This does not occur in literary Burmese, which uses Шаблон:My (Шаблон:IPA-my) as postpositional marker for possessive case instead of Шаблон:My (Шаблон:IPA-my). Examples include the following:
Шаблон:Fs interlinear Шаблон:Fs interlinear Шаблон:Fs interlinear
The contraction also occurs in some low toned nouns, making them possessive nouns (e.g. Шаблон:My or Шаблон:My, "mother's" and "Burma's" respectively).
Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns in Myanmar are same in nature with English. Demonstrative pronouns are identical with the demonstrative adjectives, but demonstrative pronouns stand alone, while demonstrative adjectives qualify a noun.
The most common demonstrative pronouns in Myanmar are Шаблон:My "this", Шаблон:My "that", Шаблон:Myး "it". They are usually used for referring inanimate objects. These pronouns mostly used with noun or noun phrases. Demonstrative pronouns have the form (pronoun + noun phrase) to demonstrate the previous object. For example, Шаблон:My "Mg Thit Lwin was born in Phakant Town." Шаблон:My "That Town is also called 'Jade Land'". In the above example sentence, the demonstrative pronoun Шаблон:My "that" is used with the noun Шаблон:My "town" to refer the Шаблон:My "Phakant township".
Reflexive pronouns
Burmese has two alternative forms of the reflexive:
- literary form: Шаблон:My (Шаблон:IPA-my), often used in conjunction with Шаблон:My (i.e., Шаблон:My 'oneself') Шаблон:Sfn
- spoken form: Шаблон:My (Шаблон:IPA-my), used with direct objects and with pronouns (i.e., Шаблон:My 'himself' or Шаблон:My 'oneself') Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
Шаблон:Burmese language Шаблон:Language pronouns
