Английская Википедия:Burschenschaft

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Шаблон:Short description

Файл:Flag of Urburschenschaft.svg
Flag of the Шаблон:Lang

A Burschenschaft (Шаблон:IPA-de; sometimes abbreviated Шаблон:Lang in the German Burschenschaft jargon; plural: Шаблон:Lang) is one of the traditional Шаблон:Lang (student associations) of Germany, Austria, and Chile (the latter due to German cultural influence). Burschenschaften were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas. They were significantly involved in the March Revolution and the unification of Germany. After the formation of the German Empire in 1871, they faced a crisis, as their main political objective had been realized. So-called Шаблон:Lang were established, but these were dissolved by the Nazi regime in 1935/6. In West Germany, the Шаблон:Lang were re-established in the 1950s, but they faced a renewed crisis in the 1960s and 1970s, as the mainstream political outlook of the German student movement of that period started learning more towards the left. Roughly 160 Шаблон:Lang exist today in Germany, Austria and Chile.

History

Файл:Ferdinand Hodler 001'.jpg
The Students of Jena Take to the Field in the War of Liberation, 1813 (Ferdinand Hodler, 1908–09)

Origins

Файл:Wartburg-Studentenzug-1817.jpg
Wartburg festival of 1817

The very first one, called Шаблон:Lang ("original Шаблон:Lang"), was founded on 12 June 1815 at Jena as an association drawn from all German university students inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas. Like the Landsmannschaften or the Corps, a student association based on particular German region, the Burschenschaft members also engaged in duelling.[1] However, its main purpose was to break down society lines and to destroy rivalry in the student body, to improve student life and increase patriotism. It was intended to draw its members from a broader population base than the Corps. Indeed, the group was known for its middle-class membership while the Corps' was mainly aristocratic.[1] At first, a significant component of its membership were students who had taken part in the German wars of liberation against the Napoleonic occupation of Germany.[2]

Its motto was “honor, freedom, fatherland” (Шаблон:Lang-de),[2] and the original colors were red-black-red with a golden oak leaves cluster, which might be based on the uniform of the Lützow Free Corps, being a corps of volunteer soldiers during the wars of liberation.

19th century

The Шаблон:Lang were student associations that engaged in numerous social activities. However, their most important goal was to foster loyalty to the concept of a united German national state as well as strong engagement for freedom, rights, and democracy. Quite often Шаблон:Lang decided to stress extreme nationalist or sometimes also liberal ideas, leading in time to the exclusion of Jews, who were considered to be un-German. Nevertheless, all Шаблон:Lang were banned as revolutionary by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria when he issued the reactionary Carlsbad Decrees in 1819.

Many Шаблон:Lang took part in the Шаблон:Lang in 1832 and the democratic Revolution in 1848/49. After this revolution had been suppressed, plenty of leading Шаблон:Lang, such as Friedrich Hecker and Carl Schurz, went abroad. After the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, the Шаблон:Lang movement faced a severe crisis, as one major goal had been achieved to some extent: German unification. In the 1880s, a renaissance movement, the Шаблон:Lang, led by the ideas of Küster, arose and many new Шаблон:Lang were founded. It was also during this time until the 1890s when many members turned increasingly towards anti-Semitic outlook believing it provided an approach to achieving the fraternity's fundamental goal. Such members viewed the Jews as a problem that hampered the unification of Germany and the achievement of new values the organization advanced.[3] There were members who resigned to protest a resolution adopted at an Eisenach meeting declaring that Burschenschaft "have no Jewish members and do not plan to have any in the future."[3]

Interbellum and Nazi Germany

In 1935/36, most Шаблон:Lang north of the Austrian Alps were dissolved by the Nazi government or transformed and fused with other Шаблон:Lang into so-called Шаблон:Lang (comradeships). Some Nazis (e.g. Ernst Kaltenbrunner) and Nazi opponents (Karl Sack, Hermann Kaiser) were members of Шаблон:Lang. Theodor Herzl, an Austrian Jewish journalist who founded modern political Zionism, was also a member of a Шаблон:Lang. However, he resigned two years after he joined because of the fraternity's antisemitism.[4][5]

Postwar

While in communist East Germany Шаблон:Lang were prohibited as representatives of a bourgeois attitude to be extinguished, in West Germany most Шаблон:Lang were refounded in the 1950s. Some of them had to be transferred into other cities, since Germany had lost great parts of its territories after the Second World War, and many Шаблон:Lang from East Germany also tried to find a new home. The allied victors had forbidden refounding Шаблон:Lang originally, but this could not be upheld in a liberal surrounding. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Шаблон:Lang, as many other student fraternities, underwent a crisis: a lack of new members and strong attacks by the leftist student community. In the 1990s many Шаблон:Lang that had left Eastern Germany in the 1940s and 1950s returned to their traditional home universities in the East.

Today

Roughly 160 Шаблон:Lang still exist today and many are organized in different organizations ranging from progressive to nationalistic. Among the latter is the Deutsche Burschenschaft organization (Шаблон:Lang), which represents about a third of the Шаблон:Lang. Others are organized in the Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) or the Шаблон:Lang. While the Шаблон:Lang still insists upon Fichte's idea of a German nation based on language, thought and culture, the Шаблон:Lang favors defining Germany as the political Germany established by the German Basic Law (constitution) in 1949 and altered by the 1990 unification. Many Шаблон:Lang are not organized at all since they do not see an organization that represents their values sufficiently.

Because of the German emigration into Chile in the late 19th century, there are also some Шаблон:Lang in Chile, organized in the Шаблон:Lang, in contact with the German and Austrian organizations. Most Шаблон:Lang are Шаблон:Lang, i.e. their members must sustain a number of Шаблон:Lang. Academic fencing is still an important part of their self-understanding as well as political education.

Many Шаблон:Lang, often found in certain "umbrella" organisations (such as the Шаблон:Lang), are associated with right-wing or far-right ideas, in particular with the wish for a German state encompassing Austria.[6] In 2013 one Bonn fraternity proposed that only students of German origin should be eligible to join a Шаблон:Lang. Reportedly half of member clubs threatened to leave in a row over proposed ID cards and a decision to label an opponent of Adolf Hitler a "traitor".[7] Many of the Шаблон:Lang that left the Deutsche Burschenschaft following this were later involved in the founding of a new organization, the Шаблон:Lang.[8][9]

Notable Шаблон:Lang members

Шаблон:Alumni Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

See also

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:EB1911 poster

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 This article incorporates text from a work in the public domain: Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Interview H. Schiedel, In: Gedenkdienst 3/2003
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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