Английская Википедия:Buyla inscription

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox artifact

The Buyla inscription is a 9-word, 56-character inscription written in the Greek alphabet but in a non-Greek language. It is found on a golden buckled bowl or cup which is among the pieces of the Treasure of NagyszentmiklósШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn which are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The bowl is 12 cm in diameter and weighs 212 g, and has a handle or buckle, perhaps for hanging on a belt. The inscription is found around the outside of a circular design in the middle of the bowl. In the place where the inscription begins and ends, there is a cross. The inscription reads: Шаблон:Lang.[1]

Prevailing opinion is that the language of the text is the West Old Turkic (and thus distinct from both Old Turkic and the ancestor of the modern-day Common Turkic languages),[2]Шаблон:Sfn and several translations have been proposed, but it has not been deciphered and the exact classification of the language has been a subject of debate.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Vilhelm Thomsen translated the inscription: "Boila zoapan finished this bowl [this drinking cup], which Boutaoul zoapan made suitable for hanging up."[3] Nikola Mavrodinov translated it: "Bouila zoapan made this cup; Boutaul Zoapan made this cup suitable for drinking from."[3] Gyula Németh translated it: "Boila chaban's bowl, which was made to his order; Boutaoul had a buckle made for it, and this is his bowl."[3] Paul Lazăr Tonciulescu translated it: "Jupan Buila [has] all rights, jupan Butaul [has the right of] entering [in] all towns.[4]

Description

The treasure of Nagyszentmiklós

Шаблон:Main

The treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, of which the bowl is a part, consists of 23 decorated gold vessels weighing around 10 kg.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was found in 1799 on the banks of the Aranca river, near Nagyszentmiklós (today Sânnicolau Mare in Timiș County, Romania),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in the region of Avar settlement in the Carpathian Basin.Шаблон:Sfn It was also attributed to the lower Danube Bulgars,Шаблон:Sfn but the current view is that the treasure is of Avar origin and closely related to the Avar culture.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The objects were made by specialized craftsmen in the 7th and 8th centuriesШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and were hoarded by local lords.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The treasure was last "used" and buried in the second half of the 8th century or perhaps in the early 9th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Some of the vessels bear runiform inscriptions. Similar characters can be found on a bone needlecase excavated in the Late Avar cemetery of Szarvas (in Békés County, Hungary) and dated to the second half of the 8th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Based on this evidence, some scholars proposed a similar date for the Nagyszentmiklós inscriptions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The inscription

Файл:Nagyszentmiklos 21 kerek csesze - Hampel 1894.jpg
A drawing of the inscription made by József Hampel.

The Buyla inscription is engraved in Greek letters on the inner bottom of a round buckled bowl (no. 21 in József Hampel's list), on a flat ring surrounding a lavishly decorated disk.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The inscription has the following text, easily readable, and uses a C-shaped glyph for sigma:Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

† ΒΟΥΗΛΑ • ΖΟΑΠΑΝ • ΤΕϹΗ • ΔΥΓΕΤΟΙΓΗ • ΒΟΥΤΑΟΥΛ • ΖΩΑΠΑΝ • ΤΑΓΡΟΓΗ • ΗΤΖΙΓΗ • ΤΑΙϹΗ

The lower case equivalent is:

† βουηλα • ζοαπαν • τεση • δυγετοιγη • βουταουλ • ζωαπαν • ταγρογη • ητζιγη • ταιση

The transliteration is:

† bouēla • zoapan • tesē • dugetoigē • boutaoul • zōapan • tagrogē • ētzigē • taisē

Paleographic and epigraphic considerations

Some of the letters of the inscription have distinctive shapes. The letters sigma and epsilon have broad arcs.Шаблон:Sfn The base line of delta juts out on both sides.Шаблон:Sfn Beta has also a prominent base line, a form found in the Greek inscriptions from Bulgaria dated to the early 9th century,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but otherwise it is rarely attested in the Greek-writing world: onlyШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn on several Cherson coins of the Byzantine emperor Basil I (867-886)Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and also on one inscription of the same emperor, found in Mesembria (today Nesebar, Bulgaria).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The shape of alpha is also attested on the 9th century Greek inscriptions from Bulgaria.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, omega's unusual shape, with a middle vertical line higher than the rounded sides, is specific for the 6th century Greek inscriptions and the oldest forms of the Greek Uncial script.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Vowels

In this inscription there is a free alternation between ε and αι, η and ι, and ο and ω.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These groups became homophones in Koine Greek, merging to Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Also ου was read Шаблон:IPAslink,Шаблон:Sfn υ was read Шаблон:IPAslink,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and οι was read either Шаблон:IPAslinkШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or Шаблон:IPAslink.Шаблон:Sfn

Interpretations

In the late 19th century, József Hampel suggested that the treasure of Nagyszentmiklós was buried by Gepids in the 4th or 5th century AD,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and attempted to decipher the text of the inscription using the Greek language. Three words end in -γη, which was read by Hampel as the Greek γῆ = "land, country". He concluded that the inscription records two Gepid princes, Bouila and Boutaoul, and the three lands they ruled: Tagro, Etzi and Dygetoi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The last toponym was connected with the Getae of the Classical Antiquity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This interpretation was sharply criticized by Vilhelm Thomsen and Gyula Németh, who showed that the language of the inscription cannot be Greek, but an old Turkic language.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Today almost all scholars share the view that the text was written in a Turkic language,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but it has not been deciphered and the exact classification of the language has been a subject of debate.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It has been often compared with the Turkic Bulgar language of the First Bulgarian Empire,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn attested on several 8th-9th century inscriptions found in north-eastern Bulgaria and written in Greek letters.Шаблон:Sfn More recently Eugene Helimski argued the language is close to Proto-Tungusic,Шаблон:Sfn but this proposal was rejected by Marcel Erdal as far-fetched.Шаблон:Sfn

Buyla

Шаблон:Main

It is generally agreed that the first word is the Turkic title buyla or boyla (also spelled boilaШаблон:Sfn) which is attested on several Old Turkic and Danube Bulgar inscriptionsШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and also mentioned by some 9th and 10th centuries Byzantine authors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some scholars proposed that Buyla should be read as a personal name in this text, as titles were often taken as personal names.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There are more vessels in the treasure of Nagyszentmiklós that mention the name Buyla, such as a goblet.

Butaul

Шаблон:Main Butaul is usually read as a personal name.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It may be interpreted as "son of Buta" with the final -ul being a development of the Turkic oğul = "son".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This etymology was challenged based on the observation that according to the predominant model of construction of Turkic patronymics, the possessive forms oğlu or oğli are expected.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Based on the names attested on Old Turkic inscriptions, Erdal posited the reading But Aul.Шаблон:Sfn

Zoapan

Шаблон:Main

In 1900, Karl Brugmann derived the Common Slavic *županъ from župa "district, small administrative region",Шаблон:Sfn an etymology that was accepted by many linguists.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Turkic inscriptions

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Gyula Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica: Sprachreste der Türkvölker in den byzantinischen Quellen (1983)
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 according to Gyula László and István Rácz (The treasure of Nagyszentmikloś, 1984)
  4. ↑ Paul Lazăr Tonciulescu - "De la Țara Luanei la Ieud", Editura Miracol, București, 1998
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