Английская Википедия:Bylliones
The Bylliones were an Illyrian tribe that lived near the Adriatic coast of southern Illyria (modern Albania), on the lower valley of the Vjosa river, in the hinterland of Apollonia.Шаблон:Sfn The Bylliones were firstly attested in epigraphic material from the oracle of Dodona dating back to the 4th century BC, and their koinon was firstly attested in a 3rd-century BC inscription from the same oracle.Шаблон:Sfn Their territory was trapezoidal on the right side of the rivers Luftinje and Vjosa, extending in the west to the Mallakastra mountains.Шаблон:Sfn The chief city of their koinon was Byllis. Another important centre of their koinon was Klos, an earlier Illyrian settlement later called Nikaia, as an inscription attests.[1] The Bylliones also inhabited in the area of an ancient sanctuary of the eternal fire called Nymphaion.Шаблон:Sfn
Through contact with their Greek neighbours, the Bylliones became Hellenized and bilingual during the height of Molossian rule in the region in the 3rd century BCE.[2][3][4] Their koinon minted coins as attested by inscriptions reporting their ethnicon in Greek letters.[5] The koinon of the Bylliones survived until Roman Imperial times.Шаблон:Sfn In the Roman era, the Bylliones reappear in the late 1st century CE when they are mentioned by Pliny the Elder in the Natural History (c. 79 CE) as one of the "barbarian" tribes which lived in the area of Nymphaeum.[6] The koinon of the Bylliones and the koinon of the Amantes were the most notable Illyrian koina.[7]
Name
Their name is recorded as Boulinoi by Pseudo-Scymnus (404), Boulimeis by Dionysius Periegetes (386), Ballini by Livy (44. 30), Bylliones by Strabo (7. 7. 8), Buliones by Pliny (3. 21/139).Шаблон:Sfn Bronze coins dating back to the period 230 BC – 148 BC have been found in the site of Byllis, bearing the legend ΒΥΛΛΙΟΝΩΝ.Шаблон:Sfn
Geography
Шаблон:Southern Illyria Labeled Map
There is not a certain geographic extension of the community of the Bylliones,Шаблон:Sfn whose territorial and ethnic institution is documented to have existed since the 5th-4th century BC, as evidenced by epigraphic material from the oracle of Dodona. Byllis seems to have constituted the main center of the Bylliones.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Another important center of the Bylliones was Klos, a more ancient Illyrian settlement later called Nikaia, as an inscription attests.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Bylliones formed a koinon, which was firstly attested in a 3rd-century BC inscription, also this time from Dodona.Шаблон:Sfn Livy (1st century BC) called their territory Bullinum agrum.
Byllis foundation is traditionally attributed to the middle of the 4th century BC, when the Illyrian massive walls were built.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Its urban layout seems to have been structured around the middle of the 3rd century BC.Шаблон:Sfn It was built on a roughly 500 m hill on the right bank of the Vjosa river, one of the main river axes of central-southern Albania. The hill had a dominant view over the river's valley, and today's Mallakastra region, over much of which the koinon of the Bylliones stretched. The site permitted also to see the coastline while, towards the hinterland, the more internal centers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The territory of the Bylliones was composed by a whole network of fortifications constructed to protect them from nearby Apollonians in the west and Atintanians in the east.Шаблон:Sfn It was delimited to the southeast by the fortifications of Rabije and Matohasanaj.Шаблон:Sfn The koinon of the Amantes was located on the opposite coast of the Vjosa
river.Шаблон:Sfn The proximity of the prehistoric burial tumulus at Lofkënd to both Byllis and Nymphaion indicates that the tumulus was located in the territory of the Bylliones.Шаблон:Sfn
Although still unproven, some scholars have suggested that the Bylliones may have once constituted a part of Atintania,[8] which may have overshadowed with its name the koinon of Bylliones, and perhaps even the Amantes, in the ancient accounts during the years 230–197 BC.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the important place it occupied behind Apollonia, the community of the Bylliones was not mentioned, for instance, either in the treaty between Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal in 215 BC, nor in the terms of peace submitted to Philip V by the Aetolians in 208 BC, and neither in the Peace of Phoenice in 205 BC, when historical accounts report only Atintanes and Atintanina.Шаблон:Sfn It has been suggested that about 224 BC, when Atintania separated from Rome but remaining outside the dominion of the Illyrian dynast Demetrius of Pharos, the westernmost part of Atintanes began to organize themselves as a separate unit with the name "koinon of Bylliones", holding the support of the Epirote League. A koinon of the Bylliones is attested in epigraphic material from Dodona that has been dated about the last decades of the 3rd century BC.Шаблон:Sfn This koinon was most probably restricted to a southern Illyrian, non-Greek speaking, region without including parts of Epirus.[9]
Culture
Language
The idiom spoken by the Bylliones belonged to the southeastern Illyrian linguistic area. Through contact with their Greek neighbours, the Bylliones became Hellenized and bilingual in the 3rd century BCE, as indicated by Greek legends on their coins.Шаблон:Sfn[10][11][12][4]
Religion
Archaeological explorations have not yet found a sanctuary or temple in the city of Byllis, however, a series of inscriptions show the adoption of the cults of Zeus, Hera, Dionysius and Artemis. Another inscription indicates that the area included a fire sanctuary with an oracle, the Nymphaion located on the border with nearby Apollonia.Шаблон:Sfn The nymphaeum also appears as a fire symbol engraved on coins of Byllis minted in the 3rd-2nd century BC.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A relief found near Byllis also shows the nymphs and a cloth wrapped around this fire, a scene that is repeated only with the nymphs depicted on a 1st-century BC silver coin of Apollonia, suggesting an admixture of local traditions and religions with the forms and practices brought by Greek colonists. Under Greek influence the local Illyrian spontaneous and naturalistic cult started its canonization.Шаблон:Sfn In the sanctuary of Dodona a 4th-century BC inscription on a lead foil reports Bylliones asking to which deity they should sacrifice in order to ensure the safety of their possessions.Шаблон:Sfn By the end of the 3rd century BC, the Bylliones appear among the lists of theorodokoi at Delphi.[13]
Economy
The koinon of the Bylliones minted its own coins in the period between 230 BC and 148 BC.[14]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
See also
References
Bibliography
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Шаблон:Illyrians Шаблон:Albania topics
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
- ↑ Stocker, 2009, p. 216: It more probably was restricted in extent to the southern, non-Greek speaking portion of Illyria, which does not include Epirus. Epirus was Greek speaking.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
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