Английская Википедия:Byung-Chul Han

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Шаблон:Short description

Шаблон:Family name hatnote Шаблон:Infobox philosopher Byung-Chul Han (born 1959) is a South Korean-born philosopher and cultural theorist living in Germany.[1] He was a professor at the Berlin University of the Arts and still occasionally gives courses there.

Biography

Byung-Chul Han studied metallurgy at Korea University in Seoul[2] before he moved to Germany in the 1980s to study philosophy, German literature and Catholic theology in Freiburg im Breisgau and Munich. In 1994 he received his doctoral degree at Freiburg with a dissertation on Stimmung, or mood, in Martin Heidegger.[3]

In 2000, he joined the Department of Philosophy at the University of Basel, where he completed his habilitation. In 2010 he became a faculty member at the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design, where his areas of interest were philosophy of the 18th, 19th and 20th century, ethics, social philosophy, phenomenology, cultural theory, aesthetics, religion, media theory, and intercultural philosophy. From 2012 to 2017 he taught philosophy and cultural studies at the Universität der Künste Berlin (UdK), where he directed the newly established Studium Generale general-studies program.[4]

Han is the author of more than twenty books, the most well known are treatises on what he terms a "society of tiredness" (Шаблон:Italic correction), a "society of transparency" (Шаблон:Italic correction), and the concept of shanzhai (山寨), a style of imitative variation, whose roots are, he argues, intrinsic to Chinese culture, undermine the distinction often drawn between original and fake, and pre-exist practices which in Western philosophy are called deconstructive.

Han's current work focuses on transparency as a cultural norm created by neoliberal market forces, which he understands as the insatiable drive toward voluntary disclosure bordering on the pornographic. According to Han, the dictates of transparency enforce a totalitarian system of openness at the expense of other social values such as shame, secrecy, and trust.[5]Шаблон:Additional citation needed

Personal life

Until recently, Han refused to give radio and television interviews and rarely divulges any biographical or personal details, including his date of birth, in public.[6] He is a Catholic.[7] He holds German and Swiss citizenship, while having given up his Korean pass in the process of becoming naturalized in Germany.[8]

Thought

Much of Han's writing is characterised by an underlying concern with the situation encountered by human subjects in the fast-paced, technologically-driven state of late capitalism. The situation is explored in its various facets through his books: sexuality, mental health (particularly burnout, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), violence, freedom, technology, and popular culture.Шаблон:Cn

In The Burnout Society (original German title: Шаблон:Italic correction), Han characterizes today's society as a pathological landscape of neuronal disorders such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality and burnout. He claims that they are not "infections" but "infarcts", which are not caused by the negativity of people's immunology, but by an excess of positivity.[9] According to Han, driven by the demand to persevere and not to fail, as well as by the ambition of efficiency, we become committers and sacrificers at the same time and enter a swirl of demarcation, self-exploitation and collapse. "When production is immaterial, everyone already owns the means of production, him- or herself. The neoliberal system is no longer a class system in the proper sense. It does not consist of classes that display mutual antagonism. This is what accounts for the system's stability."[10]

Han argues that subjects become self-exploiters: "Today, everyone is an auto-exploiting labourer in his or her own enterprise. People are now master and slave in one. Even class struggle has transformed into an inner struggle against oneself."[10] The individual has become what Han calls "the achievement-subject"; the individual does not believe they are subjugated "subjects" but rather "projects: Always refashioning and reinventing ourselves" which "amounts to a form of compulsion and constraint—indeed, to a "more efficient kind of subjectivation and subjugation." As a project deeming itself free of external and alien limitations, the "I" subjugates itself to internal limitations and self-constraints, which are taking the form of compulsive achievement and optimization.[11]

In Agonie des Eros ('Agony of the Eros') Han carries forward thoughts developed in his earlier books The Burnout Society (Шаблон:Italic correction) and Transparency Society (Шаблон:Italic correction). Beginning with an analysis of the "Other" Han develops an interrogation of desire and love between human beings. Partly based on Lars von Trier's film Melancholia, where Han sees depression and overcoming depicted, Han further develops his thesis of a contemporary society that is increasingly dominated by narcissism and self-reference. Han's diagnosis extends even to the point of the loss of desire, the disappearance of the ability to devote to the "Other", the stranger, the non-self. At this point, subjects come to revolve exclusively around themselves, unable to build relationships. Even love and sexuality are permeated by this social change: sex and pornography, exhibition/voyeurism and re/presentation, are displacing love, eroticism, and desire from the public eye. The abundance of positivity and self-reference leads to a loss of confrontation. Thinking, Han states, is based on the "untreaded", on the desire for something that one does not yet understand. It is connected to a high degree with Eros, so the "agony of the Eros" is also an "agony of thought". Not everything must be understood and "liked", not everything must be made available.[12]

In Topologie der Gewalt ('Topology of Violence'), Han continues his analysis of a society on the edge of collapse that he started with The Burnout Society. Focusing on the relation between violence and individuality, he shows that, against the widespread thesis about its disappearance, violence has only changed its form of appearance and now operates more subtly. The material form of violence gives way to a more anonymous, desubjectified, systemic one, that does not reveal itself, as it is merging with its antagonist – freedom. This theme is further explored in "Psychopolitics", where through Sigmund Freud, Walter Benjamin, Carl Schmitt, Richard Sennett, René Girard, Giorgio Agamben, Deleuze/Guattari, Michel Foucault, Michel Serres, Pierre Bourdieu and Martin Heidegger, Han develops an original conception of violence. Central to Han's thesis is the idea that violence finds expression in 'negative' and 'positive' forms (note: these are not normative judgements about the expressions themselves): negative violence is an overtly physical manifestation of violence, finding expression in war, torture, terrorism, etc; positive violence "manifests itself as over-achievement, over-production, over-communication, hyper-attention, and hyperactivity." The violence of positivity, Han warns, could be even more disastrous than that of negativity. "Infection, invasion, and infiltration have given way to infarction."[13]

Themes

Han has written on topics such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder, burnout, depression, exhaustion, internet, love, multitasking, pop culture, power, rationality, religion, social media, subjectivity, tiredness, transparency and violence.

Reception

Файл:Prix Bristol des Lumières 2015 (23440854459).jpg
Han being awarded the Шаблон:Ill alongside Jacques Attali, Christophe Barbier, Philippe-Joseph Salazar, among others

Müdigkeitsgesellschaft will soon be available in 19 languages.[14] Several South Korean newspapers voted it the most important book in 2012.[15] The Guardian wrote a positive review of his 2017 book Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power,[16] while the Hong Kong Review of Books praised his writing as "concise almost to the point of being aphoristic, Han's writing style manages to distill complex ideas into highly readable and persuasive prose" while noting that "on other occasions, Han veers uncomfortably close to billboard-sized statements ("Neoliberalism is the 'capitalism of' Like), which highlights the fine line between cleverness and self-indulgent sloganeering."[17] The Los Angeles Review of Books described him as "as good a candidate as any for philosopher of the moment."[18]

Der Freitag writer Steffen Kraft criticized him for drawing on anti-democratic and anti-technology philosopher Carl Schmitt, and alleged that he "confuses cause and effect: it is not the hope for more transparency that has turned democracy into technocracy, but the refusal of even progressives to consider the consequences of information technology on the political process." (original quote in German: "Ursache und Wirkung: Nicht die Hoffnung auf mehr Transparenz hat die Demokratie zur Technokratie gemacht, sondern die Weigerung selbst Progressiver, die Folgen der Informationstechnik auf den politischen Prozess zu bedenken.")[5]

Works in English

  • The Burnout Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015) Шаблон:ISBN.
  • The Transparency Society (Stanford: Stanford Briefs, 2015) Шаблон:ISBN
  • The Agony of Eros (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2017) Шаблон:ISBN
  • In the Swarm: Digital Prospects (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2017), Шаблон:ISBN
  • Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power (London & New York: Verso Books, 2017) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Saving Beauty (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017) Шаблон:ISBN
  • The Scent of Time: A Philosophical Essay on the Art of Lingering (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2017) Шаблон:ISBN
  • The Expulsion of the Other: Society, Perception and Communication Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Topology of Violence (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2018) Шаблон:ISBN
  • What Is Power? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Good Entertainment: A Deconstruction of the Western Passion Narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2019) Шаблон:ISBN
  • The Disappearance of Rituals: A Topology of the Present (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Capitalism and the Death Drive (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2021) Шаблон:ISBN
  • The Palliative Society: Pain Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2021) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Hyperculture: Culture and Globalisation (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2022) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Infocracy: Digitization and the Crisis of Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2022) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Non-things: Upheaval in the Lifeworld (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2022) Шаблон:ISBN
  • The Philosophy of Zen Buddhism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2022) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Absence: On the Culture and Philosophy of the Far East (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2023) Шаблон:ISBN
  • Vita contemplativa: In praise of inactivity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2023) Шаблон:ISBN
  • The Crisis of Narration (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2024) Шаблон:ISBN

Bibliography

  • Heideggers Herz. Zum Begriff der Stimmung bei Martin Heidegger. Wilhelm Fink, Paderborn 1996.
  • Todesarten. Philosophische Untersuchungen zum Tod. Wilhelm Fink, Paderborn 1998.
    • Portuguese edition: Rostos da Morte: Investigações Filosóficas sobre a Morte, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2021, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Martin Heidegger. Eine Einführung. UTB, Stuttgart 1999.
  • Tod und Alterität. Wilhelm Fink, Paderborn 2002.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Morte e alteridade, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2020 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Philosophie des Zen-Buddhismus. Reclam, Stuttgart 2002.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Filosofia do zen-budismo, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2020 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Portuguese edition: Filosofia do Budismo Zen, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2016, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Was ist Macht. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: O que é poder?, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2019 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Korean edition: 《권력이란 무엇인가》. Moonji, 2009, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Portuguese edition:Sobre o Poder, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2017, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Hyperkulturalität: Kultur und Globalisierung. Merve, Berlin 2005. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Hiperculturalidade: cultura e globalização, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2019 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Hegel und die Macht. Ein Versuch über die Freundlichkeit. Wilhelm Fink, Paderborn 2005.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Hegel e o Poder: Um ensaio sobre amabilidade, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2022 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Gute Unterhaltung. Eine Dekonstruktion der abendländischen Passionsgeschichte. Verlag Vorwerk 8, Berlin 2007.
  • Abwesen: Zur Kultur und Philosophie des Fernen Ostens. Merve, Berlin 2007. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Spanish edition: Ausencia. Acerca de la cultura y la filosofía del Lejano Oriente. Caja Negra Editora, 2019, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Duft der Zeit: Ein philosophischer Essay zur Kunst des Verweilens. Transkript 2009.
  • Müdigkeitsgesellschaft Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2010, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Sociedade do Cansaço, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2015 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Catalan edition: La societat del cansament, Herder, Barcelona, 2015 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Czech edition: Vyhořelá společnost, Rybka Publishing, 2016, Шаблон:ISBN. (essays)
    • Danish edition: Træthedssamfundet. Møller, 2012, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Dutch edition: De vermoeide samenleving. van gennep, 2012, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • English edition: The Burnout Society. Stanford UP, 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • French edition: La Société de la fatigue, édition circé, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN.[19]
    • Greek edition: Η ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΠΩΣΗΣ. Athens, Opera publications, 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Italian edition: La società della stanchezza. nottetempo, 2012, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Japanese edition: 『疲労社会』. 花伝社, 2021.
    • Korean edition: 《피로사회》. Moonji, 2011, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Macedonian edition: in progress, Tabahon.
    • Portuguese edition: A Sociedade do Cansaço, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Romanian edition: in progress, Humanitas.
    • Spanish edition: La sociedad del cansancio. Barcelona, Herder Editorial, 2012, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Swedish edition: Trötthetssamhället. Ersatz, 2013, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Traditional Chinese edition: 《倦怠社會》. Taipei: Locus (大塊), 2015. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Turkish edition: in progress, Pinar Yayinlari.
  • Shanzhai 山寨 - Dekonstruktion auf Chinesisch. Merve, Berlin 2011, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Spanish edition: Shanzhai. El arte de la falsificación y la deconstrucción en China. Buenos Aires, Caja Negra Editora, 2016, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Shanzhai, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2023 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Topologie der Gewalt. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2011, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Topologia da Violência, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2017 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Greek edition: ΤΟΠΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΒΙΑΣ. Athens, Opera publications, 2022, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Korean edition: in progress, Moonji.
    • Turkish edition: in progress, Metis.
    • Portuguese edition: Topologia da Violência, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2019, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Transparenzgesellschaft. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2012, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Sociedade da Transparência, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2017 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Catalan edition: La societat de la transparència, Barcelona Herder, 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Dutch edition: De transparente samenleving. van gennep, 2012, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • English edition: The Transparency Society. Stanford UP, 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Greek edition: Η ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΔΙΑΦΑΝΕΙΑΣ. Athens, Opera publications, 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Italian edition: La società della trasparenza, nottetempo, 2014. Шаблон:ISBN
    • Japanese edition: 『透明社会』. 花伝社, 2021.
    • Korean edition: 《투명사회》, Moonji, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Portuguese edition: A Sociedade da Transparência, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Romanian edition: in progress, Humanitas.
    • Russian edition: in progress, Logos.
    • Spanish edition: La sociedad de la transparencia. Barcelona, Herder Editorial, 2013, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Agonie des Eros. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2012, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Agonia do Eros, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2017 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Catalan edition: L'agonia de l'Eros, Barcelona Herder, 2020, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Dutch edition: in progress, van gennep.
    • English edition: The Agony of Eros. MIT Press, 2017. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • French edition: Le désir : Ou l'enfer de l'identique, Autrement, 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Italian edition: Eros in agonia. nottetempo, 2013, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Korean edition: in progress, Moonji.
    • Portuguese edition: A Agonia de Eros, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Romanian edition: Agonia erosului, Humanitas, Шаблон:ISBN, EPUB/PDF Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Spanish edition: La agonía del Eros. Barcelona, Herder Editorial, 2014. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Greek edition: Η ΑΓΩΝΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΕΡΩΤΑ. Athens, Opera publications, 2019, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Bitte Augen schließen. Auf der Suche nach einer anderen Zeit. Matthes & Seitz Berlin 2013 ebook, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Favor fechar os olhos, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2021 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Digitale Rationalität und das Ende des kommunikativen Handelns. Matthes & Seitz Berlin 2013, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Italian edition: Razionalità digitale. La fine dell'agire comunicativo. GoWare edizioni, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Im Schwarm. Ansichten des Digitalen. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2013, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: No enxame, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2018 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • English edition: In the Swarm: Digital Prospects. MIT Press, 2017, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Spanish edition: En el enjambre. Barcelona, Herder Editorial, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Portuguese edition: No Enxame, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2016, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • French edition: in progress, Actes Sud.
    • Italian edition:Nello sciame. Visioni del digitale, nottetempo, 2015. Шаблон:ISBN
    • Swedish edition: I svärmen. Tankar om det digitala . Stockholm, Ersatz, 2014. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Psychopolitik: Neoliberalismus und die neuen Machttechniken (Essay Collection). S. Fischer Verlag Frankfurt 2014 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • English edition: Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power. Verso Books, 2017. Шаблон:ISBN
    • Portuguese edition: Psicopolítica, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Spanish edition: Psicopolítica. Barcelona, Herder Editorial, 2014, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Arabic edition: السيكوبوليطيقا. Beirut, Believers Without Borders, 2020, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Greek edition: ΨΥΧΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ. Athens, Opera publications, 2023, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Die Errettung des Schönen. S. Fischer Verlag Frankfurt 2015.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: A salvação do belo, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2019 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Spanish edition: La salvación de lo bello. Barcelona, Herder Editorial, 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Portuguese edition: A Salvação do Belo, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2016, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Die Austreibung des Anderen: Gesellschaft, Wahrnehmung und Kommunikation heute. S. Fischer, Berlin, 2016. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: A expulsão do outro, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2022 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Portuguese edition: A Expulsão do Outro, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2018, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Close-Up in Unschärfe. Merve, Berlin 2016. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Gute Unterhaltung: Eine Dekonstruktion der abendländischen Passionsgeschichte. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2017. Шаблон:ISBN
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Bom entreterimento, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2019 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Portuguese edition: Entretenimento e Paixão na História do Ocidente, Relógio D'Água Editores, 2019, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Lob der Erde: Eine Reise in den Garten. Ullstein, Berlin 2018. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Louvor à Terra: Uma viagem ao jardim, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2022 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Vom Verschwinden der Rituale: Eine Topologie der Gegenwart. Ullstein, Berlin 2019. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: O desaparecimento dos rituais, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2021 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • English edition: The Disappearance of Rituals: A Topology of the Present (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020) Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Kapitalismus und Todestrieb. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2019. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Capitalismo e impulso de morte, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2021 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Palliativgesellschaft. Schmerz heute. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2020. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Sociedade paliativa, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2021 Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Greek edition: Η ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΗΓΟΡΙΑΣ. Athens, Opera publications, 2021, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Undinge: Umbrüche der Lebenswelt. Ullstein, Berlin 2021. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Não coisas: Reviravoltas do mundo da vida, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2022 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Infokratie: Digitalisierung und die Krise der Demokratie. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2021. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Infocracia: Digitalização e a crise da democracia, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2022 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Vita contemplativa. Oder von der Untätigkeit. Ullstein, Berlin 2022. Шаблон:ISBN.
    • Brazilian Portuguese edition: Vita contemplativa ou sobre a inatividade, Vozes, Petrópolis, 2023 Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Die Krise der Narration. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2023. Шаблон:ISBN.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Перейти обратно: 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Перейти обратно: 10,0 10,1 Han, "Psychopolitics" (2017), p. 13
  11. ↑ Han, "Psychopolitics" (2017), p. 21
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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