Английская Википедия:C. J. Cregg
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Claudia Jean Cregg is a fictional character played by Allison Janney on the American television drama The West Wing. From the beginning of the series in 1999 until the sixth season in 2004, she was the White House Press Secretary in the administration of President Josiah Bartlet. After that, she serves as the president's chief of staff until the end of the show in 2006. The character is partially inspired by real-life White House Press Secretary Dee Dee Myers, who worked as a consultant on the show.
Aaron Sorkin, the show's creator, designed C.Шаблон:NbspJ. to be assertive and independent from the show's men; though she is portrayed as a smart, strong, witty, and thoughtful character, she is frequently patronized and objectified by her male coworkers. She is sometimes shown as overly emotional, a trait criticized by reviewers as a misogynistic stereotype. Her onscreen romance with Danny Concannon (Timothy Busfield), a senior White House reporter, was also criticized by commentators as giving the impression she was betraying her coworkers. Initially, she is portrayed as politically inept, but she quickly becomes one of the most savvy characters on the show.
Despite C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s shortcomings and surroundings, she is considered among the best characters ever written by Aaron Sorkin. The character proved to be Janney's breakthrough role and earned her widespread critical acclaim, as well as multiple offers to enter the real-life American political realm. For her performance, she received four Primetime Emmy Awards, as well as four Screen Actors Guild Awards and four nominations for the Golden Globe Award. She reprised her role at a real-life 2016 White House press briefing, the 2017 Not the White House Correspondents' Dinner, and a 2020 special episode to benefit When We All Vote.
Creation
On The West Wing, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. Cregg is played by Allison Janney.Шаблон:Sfn The character is said to have been partially inspired by Dee Dee Myers, who worked as the White House Press Secretary to Bill Clinton and was a consultant to the show.Шаблон:Sfn West Wing creator Aaron Sorkin denied this, commenting that "I'm a fiction writer. I make stuff up".Шаблон:Sfn
Casting
Aaron Sorkin had previously seen Janney in the 1998 film Primary Colors and was impressed by a scene in which Janney tripped down a flight of stairs.Шаблон:Sfn Janel Moloney tried out for the role, but she was asked to play assistant Donna Moss instead.Шаблон:Sfn Moloney later became a regular on the show.Шаблон:Sfn
The casting of C.Шаблон:NbspJ. Cregg was jeopardized by worries of a lack of racial diversity in the show's original lineup. According to Sorkin, both the show's crew and the network were concerned that every actor who had been selected so far was white.Шаблон:Sfn Janney, a white woman, was the favorite for the role – despite her impression that she had botched the audition.Шаблон:Sfn CCH Pounder,Шаблон:Sfn who is Guyanese,Шаблон:Sfn was also auditioning well.Шаблон:Sfn In the end, Sorkin remarked, "when we closed our eyes at night we wanted Allison. So we cast Allison".Шаблон:Sfn Pounder later guest-starred in the season one episode "Celestial Navigation" as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.Шаблон:Sfn
Janney has stated that she is not like C.Шаблон:NbspJ.,Шаблон:Sfn quipping to The Daily Telegraph that "C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is incredibly brilliant – and I am an actor who memorizes lines".Шаблон:Sfn She notes that politics overwhelm her, unlike her savvy and well-adapted character,Шаблон:Sfn and recalled that fans of the show initially expect her to behave like C.Шаблон:NbspJ. before discovering who she really is.Шаблон:Sfn Janney also remarked that she enjoyed acting in episodes that were more focused on the personal lives of the characters, noting, "I'm more of a person who loves to deal with relationships and emotions".Шаблон:Sfn
Appearance
C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s usual costume on the show was a dark pantsuit, sometimes by Calvin Klein or Armani. To convey a casual feel, a dove grey or beige blouse would be included under the pantsuit, as well as an occasional dark tank top.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Another option was a skirt that fell at or past the knees.Шаблон:Sfn The costume was designed with more masculine effects; costume designer Lyn Paolo commented that Allison Janney's height of Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Sfn allowed for a "longer drape".Шаблон:Sfn C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s height was the subject of multiple jokes on the show, including being assigned the Secret Service code name "Flamingo" during her time in the White House.Шаблон:Sfn Paolo also remarked on a podcast that the clothing was designed to not distract from the show; in one episode set in a gala, a reporter asks what C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is wearing. She simply replies, "it's a dress".Шаблон:Sfn
In the episode "Isaac and Ishmael", which was produced in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. wore a piece of jewelry called the "Lagos Heart of Freedom", which depicted a silver heart studded with precious gems to depict the flag of the United States. The jewelry was sent to Lyn Paolo for free by the designer's public relations firm; the Universal Press Syndicate referred to it as "fall's No. I fashion statement".Шаблон:Sfn
C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is frequently portrayed as clumsy or even dyspraxic.Шаблон:Sfn In her very first scene on the show, she falls off a treadmill while attempting to answer her pager. Over the course of the show, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. falls into her own swimming pool, hurls a basketball through a window, falls over from recoil at a target range, and clumsily fails to cast a fishing line, while her father (who has Alzheimer's disease) encounters no such difficulties.Шаблон:Sfn
Character role and development
In the first six seasons of The West Wing, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. works as the White House Press Secretary under President Josiah Bartlet. In the sixth season episode "Liftoff", she was promoted to succeed Leo McGarry as White House Chief of Staff, following Leo's resignation after a major heart attack.Шаблон:Sfn She remains chief of staff until the final episode, leaving the White House after the inauguration of President Matt Santos.Шаблон:Sfn She had joined Bartlet's first presidential campaign after being fired from her job at an entertainment industry public relations firm in Beverly Hills.Шаблон:Sfn
Initially, C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s character was poorly developed; Aaron Sorkin admitted in a companion book that C.Шаблон:NbspJ. was "the most underwritten role of the pilot".Шаблон:Sfn Sorkin commented that after several episodes, it became clear to the crew that Allison Janney and her character were going to be a key part of the show.Шаблон:Sfn Janney appears in all 154 episodes of The West Wing.Шаблон:Sfn She reprised her role in a 2020 reunion special with nearly all of the original cast, termed "A West Wing Special to Benefit When We All Vote".Шаблон:Sfn
Personality
According to Aaron Sorkin, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. was designed to stand out from other female characters of the era; he writes in the pilot of the West Wing Script Book that C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s role is not about "when is Mr. Right going to come along and save me from this?"Шаблон:Sfn C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s character was shown to be an adept, empathetic, confident, witty, and independent one with considerable depth,[1] and the only female character portrayed as intellectually on par with the male senior staff.Шаблон:Sfn Patrick Webster, in his book Windows into The West Wing, attributed this partially to the acting ability of Allison Janney.Шаблон:Sfn C.Шаблон:NbspJ. also suffers from anxiety and self-doubt,Шаблон:Sfn as well as what Elle referred to as the "standard office-gal trope" of "bitchiness and hysteria".Шаблон:Sfn A flashback from "In The Shadow of Two Gunmen Part 2", the second episode of the second season, shows that C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is the only character to doubt whether she is qualified for the role in the Bartlet campaign she is being offered, despite her not being the only character to have a thin political résumé.Шаблон:Sfn
C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is often shown to be a more emotionally vulnerable character, and sometimes stereotyped as subject to her own feelings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Since The West Wing frequently mixes the personal lives and professional careers of its characters, this tendency has the effect of letting her feelings influence her views on policy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the third season episode "The Women of Qumar", C.Шаблон:NbspJ. learns that the United States is renewing its lease on a military base there. She has a deep-seated emotional reaction to this news throughout the episode, culminating in a scene in her office with the National Security Advisor, Nancy McNally. C.Шаблон:NbspJ. reveals her reasoning for her opposition, telling her that "they beat women, Nancy. They hate women. The only reason they keep Qumari women alive is to make more Qumari men".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn McNally is not swayed by this reasoning, arguing that the base is strategically pragmatic, and after C.Шаблон:NbspJ. unsuccessfully counters with a long-winded analogy to apartheid, she simply pleaded, "they're beating the women, Nancy!"Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After McNally walks away, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. regains control of her emotions and neutrally delivers the news to the press in her briefing. Webster opined that although this scene allowed for a powerful emotional statement on the issue for the viewer, it also revealed a gender bias in the writing of C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s character.Шаблон:Sfn Author Shawn Parry-Giles commented that scenes like these play into the stereotype in which women are portrayed as too subjective and emotional for rational, political decision-making.Шаблон:Sfn
White House press secretary
Шаблон:Quote box As White House press secretary, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is the most influential and visible woman on The West Wing. However, this role still positions her as a supporting character – her job is to spin the actions and policies of the president, but she does not have a hand in shaping that policy the way the male characters do.Шаблон:Sfn
Initially, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is portrayed as politically inept. She was shown to be clueless with respect to basic government functions, needing to be informed of the purpose of the U.S. census by Sam Seaborn in one first-season episode. She also admits elsewhere to having little understanding of White House economic policies.Шаблон:Sfn Her romance with White House reporter Danny Concannon also entangles with her job, causing her colleagues to distrust her; in the first season episode "Lord John Marbury", the senior staff chooses to lie to her about troop movement in an Indo-Pakistani conflict, because they thought that she was too friendly with the press, particularly Danny, and would not be able to lie from the podium.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the press briefing room, she is asked by a reporter about the troop movement, which she laughingly denies; her having to retract the statement later damages her credibility with the press.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Also, in the first-season episode "Mandatory Minimums", C.Шаблон:NbspJ. receives the staff's blame when Danny publishes a memo from a staffer, criticizing the president's performance.Шаблон:Sfn C.Шаблон:NbspJ. tells Danny in another episode that a relationship would damage her reputation; Shawn Parry-Giles opined that C.Шаблон:NbspJ. could not be involved with Danny while in the White House because the staff would see her only as the "woman-as-traitor" trope.Шаблон:Sfn
C.Шаблон:NbspJ. develops into a politically astute character, sometimes more so than her male counterparts.Шаблон:Sfn Drawing on the previous incident in "Lord John Marbury", C.Шаблон:NbspJ. lies to the press in the first-season finale "What Kind of Day Has It Been", confidently delivering the misinformation directly to Danny.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In "The Leadership Breakfast", C.Шаблон:NbspJ. correctly assesses that Toby Ziegler is ordering her to make a political mistake, which results in a congressman directly criticizing the president during a joint presidential and congressional press conference. Josh Lyman later comments to her that "you had a lot of opportunities to say 'I told you so' and score some points with Leo. You're a class act".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In another episode, she thwarts a general who plans to give a television interview that would embarrass the president by questioning his military authority. Though the general calls her "kitten" when they meet, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. remains calm and points out that in her background research, she noticed that he has fraudulently obtained a medal for an act of service he never performed; the general attempts to return the conversation to Bartlet, but C.Шаблон:NbspJ. ends the conversation, cutting him off with "is there anything else, sir?"Шаблон:Sfn
Romance
As well as her on-again-off-again romance with Danny, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. has another love interest throughout the third season – a secret service agent named Simon Donovan (Mark Harmon), assigned to protect her after she receives death threats. C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is initially resistant to Donovan's assignment, struggling to preserve her autonomy.Шаблон:Sfn Over time, she falls in love with Donovan and submits to his protection; Shawn Parry-Giles argued that this transformation shows that she is treated like a "prized and revered object of protection" with no need or capability for autonomy.Шаблон:Sfn Donovan refuses to return her affection while he is assigned to her, but the threat to C.Шаблон:NbspJ. abates, meaning that he was no longer tasked with her protection. Just as the two are about to begin a relationship, Donovan is shot and killed while stopping a robbery at a local store.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In the final season premiere, "The Ticket", a scene showing the characters "three years later" forecast C.Шаблон:NbspJ. as married to Danny with one child.Шаблон:Sfn This is realized in the series finale, "Tomorrow"; in the episode, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. leaves the White House, choosing to pursue a relationship with Danny instead.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Sexism from other characters
Like many female characters on The West Wing, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is frequently condescended to, and even objectified by, the show's men.Шаблон:Sfn In a scene from the first season episode "The Crackpots and These Women", the president and Leo look around a room full of women working in the White House, complimenting each one in a gendered manner. C.Шаблон:NbspJ. in particular is compared to "a fifties movie star, so capable, so loving and energetic".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Essayist Laura K. Garrett writes that the president's comment makes C.Шаблон:NbspJ. seem like "a lovable pet, not a professional woman".Шаблон:Sfn
In another first season episode, "Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics", the president's senior staff predicts the results of an upcoming poll. Most staffers predicted that the president's poll numbers would drop, or hold steady at best, but C.Шаблон:NbspJ. predicted a large bump. Leo, who relayed the staffers' guesses to the president, left out C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s predictions; she suspected this was because she was a woman. In the end, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. was shown to have made the correct prediction.Шаблон:Sfn
In the second season episode "Bartlet's Third State of the Union", C.Шаблон:NbspJ. appears on a television show to discuss the president's State of the Union address, where she is introduced by the host as the "very lovely, the very talented – Claudia Jean Cregg". The host then tells the entire room during a commercial break that C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is not wearing pants.Шаблон:Sfn In "Ways and Means", C.Шаблон:NbspJ. is sexualized by Bruno Gianelli, manager of the president's re-election campaign, who remarks "man, you have got a killer body, you know that?"Шаблон:Sfn
Reception
Reviewers have praised C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s portrayal, both during and after the show's run. Frazier Moore with the Associated Press described her in 2000 as "a scrapper with an enormous heart, many fallibilities, and a gift for snappy repartee".Шаблон:Sfn The BBC remarked that C.Шаблон:NbspJ. "might make the list for best chief of staff of all time, save for the fact that she's fictional".Шаблон:Sfn In 2014, The Atlantic ranked C.Шаблон:NbspJ. highest on their list of the 144 best characters on The West Wing, writer Joe Reid commenting that "her capability and combination of strength and simple compassion represented the fantasy of the Bartlet White House better than anyone".Шаблон:Sfn In their list of the best characters from all television serials created by Sorkin, Vulture ranked C.Шаблон:NbspJ. second, commenting that "if all the Sorkin women were as classy, self-assured, and legitimately funny (the turkey pardon!) as C.Шаблон:NbspJ., we'd never have had the Sorkin woman argument in the first place".Шаблон:Sfn
Reviewers also lauded Janney's performance; The Cincinnati Enquirer wrote in 2001 that Janney "combines comedy, drama, and political savvy" in C.Шаблон:NbspJ., approving of her ability to alternate between wit and seriousness throughout each episode.Шаблон:Sfn C.Шаблон:NbspJ. Cregg proved to be Allison Janney's breakthrough role.Шаблон:Sfn Janney's performance was also lauded by her fellow cast members. In an interview with Empire magazine, Martin Sheen (who played President Bartlet) recounted an instance in which the cast, in a confidential, anonymous poll, unanimously agreed that Janney was "the very best among us".Шаблон:Sfn Janney's four Emmy awards from The West Wing outpaced every other cast member.Шаблон:Sfn She also received four Screen Actors Guild awards for her performance on The West Wing,Шаблон:Sfn and many other awards and nominations.Шаблон:Sfn Janney reported receiving letters of appreciation for her portrayal of C.Шаблон:NbspJ. from women viewers.Шаблон:Sfn
Legacy
After the show ended in 2006, Allison Janney was offered political punditry roles in several news organizations,Шаблон:Sfn as well as several requests to campaign for Democratic candidates. Janney declined, telling The Guardian that "you really don't want to hire me. I'm not good in that area".Шаблон:Sfn In 2018, Janney remarked on The Graham Norton Show that people often assumed that she was similar to C.Шаблон:NbspJ., but that the two were not alike in reality. Janney commented that "it made me very shy of meeting people because I wasn't her. I would love to be like her, she was thrilling".Шаблон:Sfn
On April 29, 2016, Janney made an appearance at a White House Press Briefing in place of actual Press Secretary Josh Earnest to raise awareness of opioid use disorder. Janney made humorous references to her time on The West Wing, including a joke about "Josh [Earnest] getting a root canal", a reference to an episode in which Josh Lyman conducts a press briefing while C.Шаблон:NbspJ. recovers from an emergency root canal.Шаблон:Sfn
In 2017, Janney reprised her role as C.Шаблон:NbspJ. for the pre-taped introduction of Not the White House Correspondents' Dinner. Appearing to brief the press, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. answers several bad-faith questions from reporters before going on a monologue, arguing that this kind of questioning detracts from real journalism and that these kinds of reporters should not be listened to.Шаблон:Sfn
In 2021, C.Шаблон:NbspJ. Cregg became a "trending topic" on Twitter after the first press conference of Joe Biden's press secretary, Jen Psaki.Шаблон:Sfn Psaki was compared favorably to C.Шаблон:NbspJ. online for her dry wit, as well as her straightforward answers, Allison Janney commenting that she was "flattered" by the comparison.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times criticized the comparison, commenting that although she loved C.Шаблон:NbspJ.'s character, the comparisons were indicative of the outgoing press secretary's constant battles with the press being over; not Psaki's objective merit.Шаблон:Sfn In 2022, Teen Vogue highlighted the comparison between C.Шаблон:NbspJ. and Psaki as a negative; the article criticized Psaki's style as glib and attention seeking, attitudes expected instead from television characters like C.Шаблон:NbspJ.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Works cited
Articles and tweets
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Awards
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Books
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