Английская Википедия:CAESAR self-propelled howitzer

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox weapon

The Camion Équipé d'un Système d'Artillerie (English: "Truck equipped with an artillery system") or CAESAR[1] is a French 155 mm, 52-caliber self-propelled howitzer that can fire 39/52 caliber NATO-standard shells. It is installed on a 6x6 or 8x8 truck chassis. Equipped with an autonomous weapon network incorporating an inertial navigation system and ballistic computer, the CAESAR can accurately strike targets more than Шаблон:Convert away using "Extended Range, Full Bore" (ERFB) ammunition with base bleed,[2] or targets over Шаблон:Convert away using rocket-assisted or smart ammunition.

The CAESAR was developed by French defense contractor GIAT Industries (now Nexter Systems) and has been exported to various countries. Units manufactured for the French Army use a 6x6 Renault Sherpa 5 chassis,[3] while some export customers have opted for systems integrated on 6x6 Unimog U2450L or 8x8 Tatra 817 chassis.

In February 2022, the French government awarded Nexter a contract for the development of a new generation CAESAR system. Marketed by the company as the CAESAR Mark II (also commonly referred to as CAESAR NG in France), 109 systems are to be delivered to the French Army between 2026 to 2030.

Development

CAESAR was developed in the 1990s as a technology demonstrator by the French state-owned company GIAT Industries, in cooperation with Lohr Industrie. It was first publicly unveiled in 1994. Four years later, a pre-production model underwent trials with the French Army.[4]

In peacetime the production rate at Nexter was understood to be 10 CAESARs per year.[5] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine boosted demand. By early 2023 Nexter's factory in Bourges was producing between two and four units per month in continuous operation. The next milestone expected is to produce eight CAESARs a month by December 2023.[6]

The gun uses a special kind of shell, the LU 211, which is produced at Les Forges de Tarbes,[7] within the confines of the town arsenal.[8] The forge was privatized in November 2021 by a French firm which had recently been recapitalized by 100M€.[8][9] In 2020, the Minister of the Armed Forces signed a contract worth 25M€ for the plant to supply shells to the French Army for the decade. The privatization furnished 9M€ each year for the 2021–2024 period. In autumn 2021, the firm supplied an extra 2M€ to modernize the plant, which also produces 120 mm ammunition for the Leclerc MBT.[10]

Design

CAESAR 6x6 Mark I

Файл:9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade Bastille Day 2013 Paris t114135.jpg
A CAESAR howitzer of the French Army's 9th Light Armoured Marine Brigade during the 2013 Bastille Day Parade

The CAESAR is a wheeled, 155 mm 52-caliber self-propelled howitzer. It holds 18 rounds and is typically operated by a crew of five, though if necessary the CAESAR can be operated by a crew of three.[11] It can be transported by a C-130 or an A400M aircraft. It has a firing range of approximately Шаблон:Convert using an Extended Range, Full Bore (ERFB) shell,[12] and more than Шаблон:Convert using rocket-assisted shells. The CAESAR has an autonomous weapon system featuring an inertial navigation system (the SIGMA 30), a ballistic computer and an optional muzzle velocity radar; the system is adaptable to any C4l system (fully integrated with the ATLAS FCS). At Eurosatory 2016, the CAESAR was exhibited with an automated laying system based on the SIGMA 30.[13] Tailored for shoot-and-scoot tactics, the CAESAR is fast to set up, taking around 60 seconds for the crew to be ready to fire and 40 seconds to leave after the shots. It can fire six rounds per minute.[14][15]

CAESAR 8x8

Файл:Artillerisystemet Caesar 8X8 155 mm Haubits ved Danish Air Show.jpg
CAESAR 8x8 of the Royal Danish Army on a Tatra 817 chassis

The CAESAR 8x8 uses a modified Tatra 817 8x8 chassis, allowing a higher degree of mobility.[16] It is fitted with an unarmoured forward control four-person cabin as standard, with an optional fully-armoured cabin. Gross vehicle weight would depend on the level of armour protection but is about 30 tonnes. It is powered by a 410 hp diesel engine[17] and can hold 36 rounds.[18] It was unveiled by Nexter at DSEI 2015.

New Generation

CAESAR 6x6 Mark II

Файл:CAESAR NG (Mk. II) New Generation 155mm 6x6 self-propelled howitzer.png
CAESAR NG

In February 2022, Nexter was awarded an initial €600 million contract by the French defence procurement agency (the DGA) for the development and acquisition of the CAESAR 6x6 Mark II new generation artillery system.[19] The deal initiates a four-year development phase, after which the CAESAR Mark II (or CAESAR NG) will enter production. In January 2024, the DGA announced it had awarded Nexter an additional €350 million contract on December 30 2023. 109 CAESAR NG systems are to be produced for the French Army.[20][21] Nexter, the industrial prime contractor, will be working in particular with Arquus (chassis) and Safran (electronics), the main partners involved in the development and implementation of this program.[22]

From mobility to connectivity, and from ballistic protection to increased firing efficiency, as well as accuracy further refined by artifical intelligence,[23] the improvements remain those set out in 2022 when the program is launched.[24] The CAESAR Mark II will feature a new six-wheel chassis provided by Arquus, a new cabin with improved armor and, this time, four doors for improved agility.[25] The system will also feature a new 460 hp engine, more than twice as powerful as the previous one (215 hp), as well as a new automatic gearbox. It will incorporate a new version of its velocity radar, a new fire control software as well as Safran's Geonyx inertial navigation system to replace the SIGMA 30, which promises enhanced geolocation and pointing accuracy in environments with no GNSS signal. Another differentiating feature is a more powerful hydraulic pump, enabling the stabilizer to be lowered and raised more quickly. This development could, in theory, shave a few precious seconds off engagement and disengagement maneuvers.[26] Finally, the cabin will be predisposed to receive the vetronics of the SCORPION combat information network, such as the NCT-t (noeud de communication tactique - terre) radio from the CONTACT program and the BARAGE anti-IED jammer from Thales, a technology that could be extended to anti-drone warfare, and which Belgium has chosen to integrate natively.[27] The new armored cabin to protect against mines and small-caliber arms is expected to raise the CAESAR Mark II's weight to 25 tonnes (27.56 tons) but the system will remain air-transportable, an indispensable French requirement.[28]

All 109 units ordered for the French Army are expected to be delivered between 2026 and 2030.[29] Belgium and Lithuania are the first export customers of the new system and have respectively ordered 28 and 18 units.[30][31]

Operational deployment

Eight CAESARs were sent to Afghanistan during the summer of 2009 to support French operations. They were deployed on 1 August 2009 by the 3rd Marine Artillery Regiment (3è RAMa), followed by five others, deployed as a firebase in FOB Tora, Tagab and Nijrab. They are fitted with cabin armor add-ons, with fireports.[32][33]

The French Army deployed this system in southern Lebanon as part of the UNIFIL peacekeeping force.

During Operation Serval in Mali, four CAESARs were deployed by the 68e régiment d'artillerie d'Afrique (68th African Artillery Regiment).[34]

In April 2011, the Royal Thai Army used the CAESAR against Cambodia's BM-21. The Thai Army claimed that they destroyed two or more BM-21 systems.[35]

Several CAESARs were deployed in Mali by France during Operation Serval, in which they saw action in the Battle of Ifoghas, amongst others. France also deployed four CAESAR to Iraq for the Battle of Mosul, where French forces supported the Iraqi Army's operation to reclaim Mosul from ISIS from October 2016 to July 2017.[36] Multiple CAESAR were deployed to Iraq on the border with Syria from 8 November 2018 to April 2019 to support the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, the ultimately successful operation to capture the final town held by the Islamic State group. They were deployed to Firebase Saham, a base freshly constructed by the United States Army to provide fire support during the battle, especially during cloudy days when U.S. aircraft could not see to conduct airstrikes.[37]

CAESAR howitzers may have been used by the Saudi Arabia National Guard during the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen along the Saudi-Yemeni frontier, conducting defensive shelling of Houthi forces as well as backing up Yemeni government troops and Saudi armed forces in their progression into Yemeni territory.[38]

France provided the CAESAR 6x6 howitzer to Ukraine from May 2022 onwards in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War,[39] delivering a total of 30 units.[40][41] Denmark also announced it had delivered all its 19 CAESAR 8x8 to Ukraine in April 2023 onwards.[42] As of January 2024, 5 CAESARs were confirmed to have been destroyed (4 CAESAR 6x6 and 1 CAESAR 8x8) and a further 2 damaged and repaired.[43][44]

Operators

Operators

(September 2023)

Orders Deliveries Donation

[ + / - ]

Known Losses

[ - ]

Operational
Caesar (Mk1) Caesar NG (Mk2) Sherpa 5

6×6

Unimog U2450L

6×6

Tatra 817

8×8

Caesar NG (Mk2)

Шаблон:Ill

6×6

Шаблон:Flagicon Belgium – 28 – – – –Шаблон:Font color – – 0
Шаблон:Flagicon Czechia 52 + 10 – – – – Шаблон:Font color – – – 0
Шаблон:Flagicon Denmark 15 + 4 – – – 19 – - 19[45] – 0
Шаблон:Flagicon France 77 + 30 109[46] 77 Шаблон:Font color – – –Шаблон:Font color Шаблон:Font color[47] -1 46
Шаблон:Flagicon Indonesia 37 + 18 – 55 – – – – – 55
Шаблон:Flagicon Lithuania – 18 – – – –Шаблон:Font color – – 0
Шаблон:Flagicon Morocco 36 – 36 – – – – – 36
Шаблон:Flagicon Saudi Arabia 156 – – 156 – – – – 156
Шаблон:Flagicon Thailand 6 – 6 – – – – – 6
Шаблон:Flagicon Ukraine 6 – Шаблон:Font color – – – 6×6: Шаблон:Font color

8×8: Шаблон:Font color

6×6: -5
8×8: -1[48] 		43
TOTAL 447 155 174 156 19 0 0 - 7 342
602 349

Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

  • The Danish Army didn't use the CAESAR operationally before its transfer to Ukraine
Файл:CAESAR operators.png
Map of CAESAR operators in blue

Current operators

  • Шаблон:Flagicon - French Army: The first order (for 5 howitzers) was placed on 20 September 2000. The first five units were delivered in 2003. Following the evaluation, the main order of 72 CAESAR 6x6 howitzers was made in late 2004. In July 2008, the first cannon of the first batch of eight units was delivered to the French Army.[49]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Indonesian Army: The Indonesian Army acquired 37 CAESAR units for $240 million, the first two arriving in mid-September 2012. Another 18 were purchased in a follow-up order signed in February 2017.[50][51]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Royal Moroccan Army: In early 2020, Morocco inked the purchase of 36 CAESAR 6x6 howitzers.[52][53][54] The contract included €170 million for the artillery pieces, €30 million for the ammunition.[55] The delivery started in September 2022.[56] According to the "Rapport au Parlement sur les exportations d’armement de la France 2023" by the Defence Ministry the 36 CAESAR systems were delivered in 2022.[57]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Saudi Arabian National Guard: In 2006, GIAT announced a 76-unit sale plus a 4-unit option to an unspecified foreign customer, later confirmed to be Saudi Arabia.[58] The 4 optional units became firm sales in January 2007, with the first two units to be assembled in France and the other 78 in Saudi Arabia.[59] In March 2010, the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG) was delivered its first four units.[60] All 80 units were delivered by 2018.
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Royal Thai Army: 6 CAESARs mounted on Sherpa 6x6 truck chassis were ordered in 2006 and have been operated by the Royal Thai Army (RTA) since 2010.[1][58]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Ukrainian Ground Forces: 18 howitzers as of October 2022, with another 31 to be delivered. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, France sent 12 CAESARs to Ukraine.[61][62] On 22 April 2022, 40 Ukrainian soldiers arrived in France for training on the system.[63][39][64] Now operated by the 55th Artillery Brigade. The provision of 6 more CAESAR howitzers was announced by President Macron on 16 June 2022, bringing the total number donated to 18 6x6 variants.[65] On 19 January 2023, the Danish defense minister announced that 19 8x8 variants that were to be delivered in the first half of 2023 to the Danish army would instead be donated to Ukraine.[66][67] On 31 January 2023, France pledged an additional 12 Caesar howitzer for Ukraine.[41] On the 28th of April 2023, it was announced the 19 CAESAr 8x8 pledged by Denmark have all been delivered to Ukraine.[42]

Future deliveries

  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Belgian Land Component: Following the acquisition of the Griffon and Jaguar within the CaMo-program, Belgium decided in 2021 to order 9 CAESAR NG 6x6 howitzers in a contract of approximately €48 million. In June 2022 a €62 million contract was signed for an additional 19 CAESAR NG. Delivery of the first units is expected in 2027.[68][69]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Czech Land Forces: In June 2020, Nexter won a €200 million contract to provide the CAESAR 8x8 to the Czech Army. 52 systems integrated on the Czech Tatra 815–7T3RC1 8×8 chassis were ordered.[70] 10 additional units were ordered in December 2022.[71]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - French Army: 109 CAESAR NG are on order for the French Army and will be delivered from 2026 onwards.[72]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Lithuanian Land Forces: In June 2022 Lithuania joined the CAESAR NG (Mk2) program with an order for 18 units, with first deliveries expected in 2026.[73][31]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Ukrainian Ground Forces: At the launch, on 18 January 2024, of the Artillery Coalition led by France and the United States to support the Ukrainian war effort, the French defense minister, Sébastien Lecornu, announced the production of 6 CAESAR 6×6 artillery systems with the intent to produce 72 additional units for Ukraine in 2024.[74][75][76][77]
    • The first order of 6 CAESAR was initiated by Ukraine itself
    • 12 CAESAR will be financed by France
    • The other 22 members of the coalition are expected to each contribute financing for the remaining 60 systems

Potential operators

Former operators

  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Royal Danish Army: On 14 March 2017 the CAESAR 8x8 was chosen to become the new artillery system of the Royal Danish Army. 15 howitzers were ordered in May 2017 and an additional 4 in October 2019 for a total of 19 CAESAR units.[82][83][84] Delivery of the first 15 units was expected to take place by summer 2020 but the COVID pandemic led to the delivery of a first batch being delayed to spring 2021, with delivery of all 19 units expected in 2023.[85] However, following discussions with France, Denmark decided on 19 January 2023 to donate all systems to Ukraine in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion.[66][86] The capability gap that arose from this decision led to a new bid for which Nexter, once again, and Israel's Soltam Systems competed. Denmark opted for the ATMOS 2000 system over the CAESAR, with the production backlog of the CAESAR and Soltam's ability to quickly deliver the howitzers being cited among the reasons for said choice.[87] Denmark's interest in purchasing 8 PULS rocket artillery systems from Elbit Systems as well as the fact that it already operated the Cardom 120 mm self-propelled mortar, which is produced by Soltam as well, had reportedly also favored the acquisition of the ATMOS as it meant having a sole supplier (Israel) for the artillery segment.[88]

Failed bids

  • Шаблон:Flagicon - National Army of Colombia: The Caesar was one of the competitors of the program "Soberana", intended to provide the future 155 mm artillery system. The other competitors were the ATMOS 2000 and the Turkish Yavuz SPh 6x6 by MKE. On 1 January 2023, Indodefensa announced that the Colombian Army favored the French system and that the government was about to notify the contract for the Caesar 6x6 to Nexter for US$101.7 million.[89] However, on 3 January 2023, Colombia announced the order of 18 ATMOS 2000 for US$101.7 million.[90] It was reported the value of the CAESAR contract notified by Nexter exceeded the budget allocated to the program, leading to the negotiations falling through and Colombia choosing the ATMOS instead.[90][91]
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Norwegian Army: In January 2016, Norway had shortlisted CAESAR, the K9 Thunder, the PzH 2000 and a modernized version of the M109 Paladin proposed by Switzerland's RUAG to replace the 18 M109A3GN self-propelled guns in service with the Norwegian Armed forces. The K9 was selected for purchase in December 2017.[92]

Evaluation only

  • Шаблон:Flagicon - Indian Army: The army is looking to modernize its artillery. The Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan defined in 2021 the way to be followed, focusing on the Made in India. The Indian Army is expecting[93] 814 truck-mounted guns (MGS program = multi-terrain gun system). An RFI was issued on 3 April 2021, with the intent to acquire a truck-mounted howitzer capable of being deployed in deserts, high altitude and mountainous terrains.[94][95] CAESAR was offered in 2014 as part of a collaboration between Nexter Systems & Larsen & Toubro. The system is mounted on an Ashok Leyland Super Stallion 6x6. India was initially interested in an MGS, 200 that would be ordered off-shelf, and later 614 manufactured locally. The tender initially opened to foreign bidders was, however, scrapped for the sake of the Make in India initiative, favoring local designs.
  • Шаблон:Flagicon - United States Army & United States Marine Corps: The Army was interested in a mobile platform. Some "Mobile Howitzer Trials and Shoot-Off" had been occurring in 2021.[79] The systems tested were the CAESAR, the BRUTUS, the ATMOS 2000, the Archer and the Nora B-52. The Army was very positive with the Caesar,[96] but ultimately did not move forward with acquiring a wheeled howitzer system.[97]


Gallery

See also

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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