Английская Википедия:CESIL
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish CESIL, or Computer Education in Schools Instruction Language,[1] is a programming language designed to introduce pupils in British secondary schools to elementary computer programming. It is a simple language containing a total of fourteen instructions.
Background
Computer Education in Schools (CES) was a project developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by International Computers Limited (ICL).[2] CESIL was developed by ICL as part of the CES project, and introduced in 1974.[3] In those days, very few if any schools had computers, so pupils would write programs on coding sheets, which would then be transferred to punched cards or paper tape.[4] Typically, this would be sent to run on a mainframe computer, with the output from a line printer being returned later.[5]
Structure
Because CESIL was not designed as an interactive language, there is no facility to input data in real time. Instead, numeric data is included as a separate section at the end of the program.[6]
The fundamental principle of CESIL is the use of a single accumulator, which handles mathematical operations.[4] Numeric values are stored in variables, which in CESIL are referred to as store locations.[7] CESIL only works with integers, and results from DIVIDE operations are rounded if necessary.[8] There is no facility for data structures such as arrays, nor for string handling, though string constants can be output by means of the PRINT instruction.[4]
Jumps and loops can be conditional or non-conditional, and transfer operation of the program to a line with a specific label, which is identified in the first column of a coding sheet.[9] The instruction or operation is stated in the second column, and the operand in the third column.[10] On some coding sheets, comments and the text of the PRINT instruction would be written in a fourth column.[11]
Instructions
Instructions, or operations, are written in upper case and may have a single operand, which can be a store location, constant integer value or line label. Store locations and line labels are alphanumeric, up to six characters, and begin with a letter.[12] Numeric integer constants must be signed + or −, with zero being denoted as +0.[13]Шаблон:Refn
Input and output
IN
– reads the next value from the data, and stores it in the accumulator.[4] The error message*** PROGRAM REQUIRES MORE DATA ***
is printed if the program tries to read beyond the end of the data provided.[14]OUT
– prints the current value of the accumulator. No carriage return is printed.[15]PRINT "text in quotes"
– prints the given text. No carriage return is printed.[15]LINE
– prints a carriage return, thus starting a new line.[16]
Memory storage
LOAD location
orLOAD constant
– copies the value of the given location or constant to the accumulator.[17]STORE location
– copies the contents of the accumulator to the given location.[10]
Mathematical instructions
ADD location
orADD constant
– adds the value of the given location or constant to the accumulator.[18]SUBTRACT location
orSUBTRACT constant
– subtracts the value of the given location or constant from the accumulator.[19]MULTIPLY location
orMULTIPLY constant
– multiplies the accumulator by the value of the given location or constant.[20]DIVIDE location
orDIVIDE constant
– divides the accumulator by the value of the given location or constant.[21] The result is rounded down if the result is positive, and up if the result is negative.[8] A*** DIVISION BY ZERO ***
error message is printed if the divisor is zero.[22]
In each case, the result of the operation is stored in the accumulator, replacing the previous value.
Program control
JUMP label
– unconditionally transfers control to location labelled.[23]JINEG label
(Jump If NEGative) – transfers control to location labelled if the accumulator contains a negative value.[24]JIZERO label
(Jump If ZERO) – transfers control to location labelled if the accumulator contains zero.[9]HALT
– terminates the program.[15]
Other symbols
Three special symbols are used in CESIL at the beginnings of lines.
%
is used to mark the end of the program and the start of data.[11]*
is used to mark the end of the data.[25](
is used at the start of a line to indicate a comment.[26]Шаблон:Refn
CESIL programming tools
An emulator for CESIL, designed to run on Windows and called Visual CESIL, is available as freeware.[27]
An interpreter for CESIL, designed to run on the Android platform and called Wyrm CESIL, is available as free to install.[28]
Example
The following totals the integers in the runtime data section until it encounters a negative value and prints the total.
LOAD +0 LOOP STORE TOTAL IN JINEG DONE ADD TOTAL JUMP LOOP DONE PRINT "The total is: " LOAD TOTAL OUT LINE HALT % 1 2 3 -1 *
The output of the above program would be:
The total is: 6
See also
Bibliography
Notes
References
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 71
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Computer Studies, page 72
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 82
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 76
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Computer Studies, pages 93–94
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Computer Studies, page 148
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Computer Studies, page 77
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Computer Studies, page 74
- ↑ Computer Studies, pages 96, 148
- ↑ Computer Studies, pages 97–99
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 201
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Computer Studies, page 73
- ↑ Computer Studies, pages 199–200
- ↑ Computer Studies, pages 80, 97–98
- ↑ Computer Studies, pages 84, 97–98
- ↑ Computer Studies, pages 86, 97–98
- ↑ Computer Studies, pages 90, 97–98
- ↑ Computer Studies, pages 92, 97–98
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 145
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 198
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 154
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 83
- ↑ Computer Studies, page 164
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web