Английская Википедия:Cabinet of Gualberto Villarroel

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Файл:Paz Estenssoro.jpg

Minister of Finance Víctor Paz Estenssoro, leader of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR)

Файл:Augusto Céspedes Patzi.jpg

Secretary-General Augusto Céspedes, a noted MNR diplomat and journalist

Файл:Enrique Baldivieso - 2.jpg

Foreign Minister Enrique Baldivieso served in the position twice prior

Gualberto Villarroel assumed office as the 39th President of Bolivia on 20 December 1943, and his term was violently cut short by his death on 21 July 1946. A colonel during the Chaco War, Villarroel and the Reason for the Fatherland (RADEPA) military lodge joined the fledgling Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) to overthrow President Enrique Peñaranda in a coup d'état.

Villarroel formed four cabinets during his 31-month presidency, constituting the 108th to 111th national cabinets of Bolivia. A fifth cabinet was announced on 20 July 1946 but the events of 21 July which resulted in the deposition of the government halted that cabinet from entering office.

Cabinet Ministers

Файл:Escudo de Bolivia.svg Cabinet of Bolivia Presidency of Gualberto Villarroel, 1943–1946
Office		Minister	Party		Шаблон:Abbr	Term	Days	N.CШаблон:Efn	P.CШаблон:Efn
President		Gualberto Villarroel		RADEPA	Mil.	20 December 1943 – 21 July 1946	944	–	–
Vice President		colspan="8" bgcolor="ECECEC" Шаблон:CNone
		Julián Montellano	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	Law.	6 November 1945 – 21 July 1946	257	–	–
Secretary-General of the Junta		Augusto Céspedes	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	Jrnl.	20 December 1943 – 11 February 1944	53	108	1
		Wálter Guevara	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	Law.	11 February 1944 – 5 April 1944	54
		colspan="8" bgcolor="ECECEC" Шаблон:CNone
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship (Chancellor)		José Tamayo Solares	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	PSI	Law.	20 December 1943 – 16 March 1944	87	108	1
		Enrique Baldivieso	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	PSI	Law.	16 March 1944 – 8 August 1944	145	109	2
		Víctor Andrade Uzquiano	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	Ind.	Law.	8 August 1944 – 31 December 1944	145	110	3
		Gustavo Chacón	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	Ind.	Law.	31 December 1944 – 21 July 1946	567	111	4
Minister of Government, Justice, and Immigration		Alberto Taborga		RADEPA	Mil.	20 December 1943 – 11 February 1944	53	108	1
		Alfredo Pacheco		RADEPA	Mil.	11 February 1944 – 8 August 1944	179
								109	2
		Alfonso Quinteros		RADEPA	Mil.	8 August 1944 – 31 December 1944	145	110	3
		Edmundo Nogales Ortiz		RADEPA	Mil.	31 December 1944 – 21 July 1946	567	111	4
Minister of National Defense		José Celestino PintoШаблон:Efn		RADEPA	Mil.	20 December 1943 – 21 July 1946	944	108	1
								109	2
								110	3
								111	4
		Ángel RodríguezШаблон:Efn		RADEPA	Mil.	21 July 1946 – 21 July 1946	<1	–	5
Minister of Finance and Statistics		Víctor Paz Estenssoro	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	Law.	20 December 1943 – 5 April 1944	107	108	1
		Jorge Zarco Kramer	rowspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	–	Law.	5 April 1944 – 31 December 1944	270	109	2
			110					3
		Víctor Paz Estenssoro	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	Law.	31 December 1944 – 21 July 1946	567	111	4
Minister of Economy		Gustavo Chacón	rowspan="3" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	Ind.	Law.	20 December 1943 – 31 December 1944	377	108	1
			109					2
			110					3
		Office vacant 31 December 1944 – 21 July 1946						111	4
Minister of Public Works and Communications		Antonio Ponce		RADEPA	Mil.	20 December 1943 – 21 July 1946	944	108	1
								109	2
								110	3
								111	4
Minister of Work and Social Security	Minister of Hygiene	Víctor Andrade Uzquiano	rowspan="2" style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	Ind.	Law.	20 December 1943 – 8 August 1944	232	108	1
			109					2
	Minister of Health	Remberto Capriles	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	–	–	8 August 1944 – 31 December 1944	145	110	3
		Germán Monroy Block	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	Law.	31 December 1944 – 21 July 1946	567	111	4
Minister of Education, Fine Arts, and Indigenous Affairs		Jorge CaleroШаблон:Efn		RADEPA	Mil.	20 December 1943 – 21 July 1946	944	108	1
								109	2
								110	3
								111	4
Minister of Agriculture, Livestock, and Colonization		Carlos Montenegro	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	Law.	20 December 1943 – 11 February 1944	53	108	1
		Rafael Otazo	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	–	11 February 1944 – 5 April 1944	54
		Edmundo Nogales Ortiz		RADEPA	Mil.	5 April 1944 – 31 December 1944	270	109	2
								110	3
		Julio Zuazo Cuenca	style="background:Шаблон:Party color;" |	MNR	–	31 December 1944 – 21 July 1946	567	111	4

Composition

First cabinet

Шаблон:See alsoOn 20 December 1943, members of the RADEPA young officers clique, in conjunction with MNR militants, overthrew the conservative government of President Enrique Peñaranda. A military junta was subsequently formed which comprised the first Villarroel ministerial cabinet. The junta was a mixture of military officers led by Colonel Gulaberto Villarroel as de facto President of the Republic and MNR politicians led by Minister of Finance Víctor Paz Estenssoro with Augusto Céspedes as secretary-general.

The new government faced opposition and lack of recognition from the United States. The distrust came as a result of U.S. participation in World War II and the erroneous belief (sparked by President Peñaranda in order to persecute political opponents) that the MNR was pro-Nazi and pro-Axis. Attempts to placate the U.S. led to the removal of top MNR ministers Augusto Céspedes and Carlos Montenegro, as well as Alberto Taborga on 11 February 1944 but the U.S. maintained its rigid stance so long as the MNR remained in government. Ultimately, the Villarroel government acquiesced and all remaining MNR ministers, including Paz Estenssoro, were removed on 5 April 1944. The removal of Wálter Guevara, who had succeeded Céspedes as Secretary-General of the Junta, brought an end to the military junta and the first Villarroel cabinet.

Second, third, and fourth cabinets

The second Villarroel cabinet was subsequently formed with "no MNR official in any position of prominence in Bolivia." This finally resulted in the U.S. recognizing the Villarroel regime in May 1944.

Файл:Villarroel Cabinet.png

The last photo taken of Gualberto Villarroel presenting his new cabinet, 20 July 1946

A third ministerial cabinet was formed upon the resignation of three senior ministers on 8 August 1944. On 31 December 1944, with U.S.-Bolivia tensions cooled, the Villarroel administration once again invited the MNR into ministerial positions, with Paz Estenssoro returning to his position as Finance Minister. Thus was formed the fourth Villarroel cabinet. At 567 days, this was the longest lasting cabinet of the Villarroel presidency.

1945 saw the return of the office of the Vice Presidency. The position had been abolished by the government of Carlos Quintanilla on 4 December 1939 but was re-added with the promulgation of the new Political Constitution of 24 November 1945. By that point, Julián Montellano of the MNR had already been proclaimed vice president on 3 November and inaugurated on 6 November. Though the office would be vacant during long periods of time from the 1960s to the 1980s, it would never again be abolished.

Fifth cabinet (never took office)

By July 1946, Villarroel's government had lost its popularity due to the harsh repressions of the opposition and voices critical of the government. These tensions peaked when a tripartite group of workers, students, and teachers threatened to strike if wages were not raised and the MNR stayed in government. The situation spiralled out of control when the MNR Minister of Agriculture Julio Zuazo Cuenca was among a group of government officials who drunkenly smashed the windows of the Higher University of San Andrés. Attempting to deescalate the situation, President Villarroel demanded the resignation of Zuazo on 19 July. Eventually, a fifth all-military cabinet was announced on 20 July without a single holdover from the previous cabinet which presented its resignation at 7 p.m. General Ángel Rodríguez was named Minister of Defense, announcing a halt on the military's order to fire on protesters. Despite these efforts, the new cabinet would never take office as President Villarroel would be overthrown and lynched the following day, bringing an end to his government.

Analysis

The administration of Gualberto Villarroel saw the definitive end of Military Socialism leading government. The concept, conceived by President David Toro and continued by President Germán Busch, had been an inspiration for the policies of RADEPA and Villarroel. Villarroel's cabinets would feature several ministers who would go on to become influential political figures in the MNR, not least of which being Finance Minister Víctor Paz Estenssoro who would go on to win the presidency a total of four times in 1951, 1960, 1964, and 1985. His party, the MNR, and its splinter groups would dominate Bolivian democratic politics from the 1952 National Revolution up until its fall from grace in 2003. Other MNR ministers in the Villarroel cabinet included Wálter Guevara, a distinguished statesman and diplomat who would serve as interim president in 1979, and Augusto Céspedes, a notable writer, journalist, and diplomat.

Gallery

• Julián Montellano – Vice President (MNR)

  Julián Montellano –
  Vice President (MNR)

• Augusto Céspedes – Secretary-General (MNR)

  Augusto Céspedes –
  Secretary-General (MNR)

• José Tamayo Solares – Minister of Foreign Affairs (PSI)

  José Tamayo Solares –
  Minister of Foreign Affairs (PSI)

• Enrique Baldivieso – Minister of Foreign Affairs (PSI)

  Enrique Baldivieso –
  Minister of Foreign Affairs (PSI)

• Víctor Andrade Uzquiano – Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Work and Health (Ind. (MNR))

  Víctor Andrade Uzquiano –
  Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Work and Health (Ind. (MNR))

• Gustavo Chacón – Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Economy

  Gustavo Chacón –
  Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Economy

• José Celestino Pinto – Minister of National Defense (RADEPA)

  José Celestino Pinto –
  Minister of National Defense (RADEPA)

• Víctor Paz Estenssoro – Minister of Finance (MNR)

  Víctor Paz Estenssoro –
  Minister of Finance (MNR)

• Jorge Calero - Minister of Education (RADEPA)

  Jorge Calero -
  Minister of Education (RADEPA)

• Carlos Montenegro - Minister of Agriculture (MNR)

  Carlos Montenegro -
  Minister of Agriculture (MNR)

See also

• Government Junta of Bolivia (1943–1944)

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book