Английская Википедия:Caines Head State Recreation Area
Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox protected area Шаблон:Annotated image Caines Head State Recreation Area is a Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Sfn recreational area encompassing the Caines Head cape in Resurrection Bay, Alaska. The area is located in the Kenai Peninsula Borough, Шаблон:Convert south of the city of Seward.Шаблон:Sfn A popular tourist destination,Шаблон:Sfn Caines Head features spruce and hemlock forestsШаблон:Sfn as well as a variety of terrestrial and marine wildlife (including harbor seals, Steller sea lions, sea otters, orcas, humpback, grey and fin whales, brown and black bears, lynx, mountain goats, wolves, etc.).Шаблон:Sfn It also features the remains of Fort McGilvray, a World War II-era fortification erected in 1941–1942 to defend against the potential invasion of the Imperial Japanese Army.Шаблон:Sfn
History
There is no evidence that the area was previously settled by a Native American population.Шаблон:Sfn On August 28, 1903, the wooden steamship Santa Ana, operated by Pacific Clipper Steamship Company, brought the first permanent settlers to Seward, Alaska. The cape was named after Captain E.E. Caine, who was a pioneer of commercial marine transportation between the contiguous United States and Alaska and one of the company owners.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
During World War II, the strategic importance of Caines Head was recognized early. The cape protrudes deep into Resurrection Bay, compelling vessels entering the bay to navigate around Caines Head before to reaching the port of Seward. The cape features a steep elevation of Шаблон:Convert,Шаблон:Sfn an extremely rugged shoreline,Шаблон:Sfn and a Шаблон:Convert difference between high and low tides,Шаблон:Sfn effectively obstructing a marine landing.Шаблон:Sfn
Seward's port was considered critical to wartime logistics, as it was an ice-free port at the south terminus of Alaska Railroad. In July 1941, the US Army deployed 277 men and four 155-mm guns on Caines Head.Шаблон:Sfn In July 1942, several months after the Pearl Harbor Attack and a month after the Imperial Japanese Army's invasion of the Aleutian Islands, the US Army increased its presence and began constructing permanent fortifications on Caines Head.Шаблон:Sfn
Over Шаблон:Convert of roads were built for military purposes; however, they were never connected with Seward.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, docking facilities were constructed at the north end of the road network.Шаблон:Sfn Permanent Шаблон:Convert artillery batteries were constructed on Caines Head, and a radar installation and submarine loop station were maintained in Resurrection Bay for their support.Шаблон:Sfn The installations on Caines Head were christened Fort McGilvray on March 25, 1943.Шаблон:Sfn
The defense project was almost completed by February 1944, but successful US Army and Navy advances in the Pacific Theater of World War II rendered the project irrelevant, and the battery was abandoned on April 7, 1944. Later, the battery was dismantled on March 4, 1947.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1971, Caines Head area was designated as Caines Head State Recreation Area. The intent was to develop outdoor recreation opportunities and conserve the remains of Fort McGilvray.Шаблон:Sfn By 1974, the area was enlarged to Шаблон:Convert, in 1995, an additional Шаблон:Convert were added, thus reaching the present area of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The increase in tourism began in 1984; the first park rangers were appointed to the area in 1985.Шаблон:Sfn
Tourism
The area can be reached on foot or by boat. Caines Head features a network of nature trails, some of which follow the original military roads.Шаблон:Sfn The remains of Fort McGilvray include reconstructed log structures erected in the summer of 1941,Шаблон:Sfn remains of the military docks, and the original battery installations.Шаблон:Sfn The area offers hiking and fishing opportunities, although the hikers following the trails along the beach are warned to time their activities with regards to the tides.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
References
Literature cited
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External links
Шаблон:Wenard Attribution Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Protected areas of Alaska
