Английская Википедия:Caló language

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Caló (Шаблон:IPA-es; Шаблон:IPA-ca; Шаблон:IPA-gl; Шаблон:IPA-pt) is a language spoken by the Spanish and Portuguese Romani. It is a mixed language (referred to as a Para-Romani language in Romani linguistics) based on Romance grammar, with an adstratum of Romani lexical items[1] through language shift by the Romani community. It is often used as an argot, a secret language for discreet communication amongst Iberian Romani. Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, and Spanish Шаблон:Lang are closely related varieties that share a common root.[2]

Spanish caló, or Spanish Romani, was originally known as Шаблон:Lang. Portuguese Шаблон:Lang, or Portuguese Romani, also goes by the term Шаблон:Lang; it used to be referred to as Шаблон:Lang, but this word has since acquired the general sense of jargon or slang, often with a negative undertone (cf. Шаблон:Lang, 'obscene language', lit. low-level Шаблон:Lang).

The language is mainly spoken in Brazil, Spain, France, Venezuela, Portugal and Colombia.[3]

Etymology

Шаблон:Lang is the endonym of the Romani people in Iberia, and Шаблон:Lang means 'the language spoken by the Шаблон:Lang'. However, the Шаблон:Lang are commonly known in Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries by the exonyms Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.

In Шаблон:Lang and other varieties of Romani, Шаблон:Lang means 'black' or 'absorbing all light',[4] hence closely resembling words for 'black' and/or 'dark' in Indo-Aryan languages (e.g. Sanskrit Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang 'black', 'of a dark colour'). Hence Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang may have originated as ancient exonyms. For instance, the name of the Domba people, from whom the Romani, Sinti and Kale people are now believed to have emerged,[5] also implies 'dark-skinned' in some Indian languages.[6]

Linguistic features

Phonology

Caló has six vowels:[2]

Front Central Back
Close Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Mid Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Open Шаблон:IPA

It has the following consonant inventory:[2]

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Plosive Шаблон:IPA⠀Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA⠀Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA⠀Шаблон:IPA
Affricate Шаблон:IPA⠀Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA⠀Шаблон:IPA
Fricative Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Approximant Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Tap Шаблон:IPA
Trill Шаблон:IPA

Notable phonological features of Iberian Caló are:[2]

Samples

Spanish Romani:

Шаблон:Lang
Parable of the Sower, Luke, 8, 4–8, as published by George Borrow in 1838[7]

Compare with a Spanish version:

Шаблон:Lang[8]

The Lord's Prayer

The Lord's Prayer has often been used as a parallel text:

Spanish Caló:

Шаблон:Lang
Luke, 11, 2-4, Embéo e Majaró Lucas, translated by George Borrow, 1837.

Romani:

Шаблон:Lang
Luke, 11, 2-4, Romani (Gypsy) New Testament: E Lashi Viasta. Ruth Modrow, 1984.

Spanish:

Шаблон:Lang
Luke, 11, 2-4, Spanish Bible: Reina-Valera 1569, revised 1960.

Loans

Spanish

Many Caló terms have been borrowed in Spanish (especially as slangisms and colloquialisms), often through flamenco lyrics and criminal jargon (Шаблон:Lang).

Examples are Шаблон:Lang ("man/woman", from gadjo/gadji), Шаблон:Lang ("boy", originally "son", also present in English as chav[9]), Шаблон:Lang ("money"), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ("to work"), Шаблон:Lang ("excellent"), Шаблон:Lang ("feet"), Шаблон:Lang ("cold"), Шаблон:Lang ("baby"), Шаблон:Lang ("silly, stupid"), Шаблон:Lang ("outstanding, genuine"), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ("god/goddess"), Шаблон:Lang ("demon"), Шаблон:Lang ("to steal"), also present in English slang as to chaw, Шаблон:Lang ("to be appealing to someone"), Шаблон:Lang ("bed"), Шаблон:Lang ("eyes"), Шаблон:Lang ("head"), Шаблон:Lang ("face"), Шаблон:Lang ("nose"), Шаблон:Lang ("mouth"), Шаблон:Lang ("shame"), Шаблон:Lang ("vain"), Шаблон:Lang ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), Шаблон:Lang ("cheeky, soldier"), Шаблон:Lang ("fake"), Шаблон:Lang ("pretence"), Шаблон:Lang ("slender, graceful"), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ("old"), Шаблон:Lang ("to sleep"), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ("house"), Шаблон:Lang ("house, gambling den"), Шаблон:Lang ("to eat"), Шаблон:Lang ("hit"), Шаблон:Lang ("to defecate, to fear"), Шаблон:Lang ("to give, to die"), Шаблон:Lang ("to die"), Шаблон:Lang ("to get upset"), Шаблон:Lang ("lame"), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ("crazy"), Шаблон:Lang ("to leave", "to make oneself scarce"), Шаблон:Lang ("to break"), Шаблон:Lang ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), Шаблон:Lang ("informer"), Шаблон:Lang ("to pretend to be absent-minded"), pringar ("to get sb mixed up, to overdo"), Шаблон:Lang ("to have sexual relations, to bother"), Шаблон:Lang ("little"), Шаблон:Lang ("to flee"), Шаблон:Lang ("drink, to drink"), Шаблон:Lang ("to steal"), Шаблон:Lang ("no way, there isn't"), Шаблон:Lang ("thief"), Шаблон:Lang ("to intimidate"), Шаблон:Lang ("to nick"), Шаблон:Lang ("to nick"), Шаблон:Lang ("shut your mouth"), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ("fear"), Шаблон:Lang ("Romani person"), Шаблон:Lang ("Romani person"), Шаблон:Lang ("language of the Iberian Kale"), Шаблон:Lang ("money"), Шаблон:Lang ("drunkenness"), Шаблон:Lang ("myself"), and Шаблон:Lang ("heart").[10]

Some words underwent a shift in meaning in the process: Шаблон:Lang (etymologically related to Sanskrit kāma, "love, desire") in colloquial Spanish has the meaning of "to woo, to seduce, to deceive by adulation" (but also "to love", "to want"; although this sense has fallen into disuse),[11] but in Caló it more closely matches the Spanish meanings of Шаблон:Lang ("to want" and "to love"). In addition Шаблон:Lang and the noun Шаблон:Lang can also mean either "lie" or "con".

Caló also appears to have influenced Madrid slang Шаблон:Lang and quinqui, the language of another Iberian group of travellers who are not ethnically Romani. Шаблон:Lang, a cant spoken by makers of agricultural equipment in a village of Segovia, also derives some words from Caló.

Catalan

To a lesser extent than in Spanish, Caló terms have also been adapted into Catalan as slangisms and colloquialisms, most of which were taken adopted from Spanish slang.

Examples are Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-ca or Шаблон:IPA-ca; "to eat"), Шаблон:Lang ("boy"), Шаблон:Lang ("to die"), Шаблон:Lang ("to die"), Шаблон:Lang ("fear"), Шаблон:Lang ("non-Romani person"), Шаблон:Lang ("money"), Шаблон:Lang ("language of the Iberian Kale"), Шаблон:Lang ("prison"), Шаблон:Lang ("to nick"), Шаблон:Lang ("to nick"), Шаблон:Lang ("to steal"), Шаблон:Lang ("to steal"), Шаблон:Lang ("to like"), Шаблон:Lang ("to get sb mixed up, to overdo"), Шаблон:Lang ("to leave, to make oneself scarce"), Шаблон:Lang ("to sleep"), Шаблон:Lang ("drink, to drink"), ("pleb"), Шаблон:Lang ("shame"), Шаблон:Lang ("stink"), Шаблон:Lang ("outstanding, genuine"), Шаблон:Lang ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), Шаблон:Lang ("informer"), Шаблон:Lang ("to get upset"), Шаблон:Lang (lit. "Do a long one" fig. "to pretend to be thick/slow") and Шаблон:Lang ("luck").[12][13]

Portuguese

There are a small number of words of Caló (Calão) origin and many of those are indirect loans, borrowed via Spanish.

The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Portuguese include Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-pt, "man, dude", primarily in Portugal),[14] Шаблон:Lang ("lad, young boy"), chunga ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), pirar-se ("to leave"), chibar-se ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), chibo ("informer"),[15] Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-pt, Шаблон:IPA-pt,[16] generally "impact", but in this sense "sudden happiness"), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-pt, Шаблон:IPA-pt, "drunkenness"),[17] Шаблон:Lang ("bad smell of feet),[18] Шаблон:Lang ("to leave"),[19] Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang[20] ("crazy").[19][21]

Language maintenance

Файл:Caló (Spanish Romani) lessons in a public library in Barcelona.jpg
Lessons in Caló and Iberian Romani offered in a Barcelona library

There is a growing awareness and appreciation for Caló: "...until the recent work by Luisa Rojo, in the Autonomous University of Madrid, not even the linguistics community recognized the significance and problems of Caló and its world."[22] Its world includes songs, poetry and flamenco.

As Iberian Romani proper is extinct and as Caló is endangered, some people are trying to revitalise the language. The Spanish politician Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia promotes Romanò-Kalò, a variant of International Romani, enriched by Caló words.[23] His goal is to reunify the Caló and Romani roots.

Literature

In 1838, the first edition of Embéo E Majaró Lucas[24] translated by George Borrow was published and began to be distributed in Madrid. This was Borrow's translation of the Gospel of Luke into Caló.[25] A revision of this was printed in 1872.

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Wikisource Шаблон:Incubator Шаблон:Incubator

Шаблон:Romani languages Шаблон:Navboxes

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Adiego, I. Un vocabulario español-gitano del Marqués de Sentmenat (1697–1762) Ediciones Universitat de Barcelona (2002) Шаблон:ISBN
  3. ↑ Caló language and alphabet - Omniglot
  4. ↑ Glosbe 2013, Dictionary/Romany-English Dictionary/kalo (23 September 2016).
  5. ↑ N. Rai et al., 2012, "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations" (23 September 2016).
  6. ↑ Isabel Fonseca, Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and their Journey, Random House, p. 100.
  7. ↑ Biblia en acción, JORGE BORROW: Un inglés al encuentro de lo Español.
  8. ↑ Traducción de dominio público abierta a mejoras derived from the World English Bible.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Lang, vol. II, p. 39. Joan Corominas, Francke Verlag, Bern, 1954. Шаблон:ISBN.
  10. ↑ Aportacions gitanes al castellà Шаблон:Webarchive.
  11. ↑ camelar in the Diccionario de la Real Academia,
  12. ↑ Aportacions gitanes al català Шаблон:Webarchive
  13. ↑ El català dels gitanos. Caçadors de Paraules (TV3, edu3.cat).
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Suplemento do léxico cigano. Mundo Cigano.
  22. ↑ The Responsibility of Linguist and the Basque Case Шаблон:Webarchive
  23. ↑ "Unión Romaní imparte el primer curso de romanò-kalò", Union Romani, 29 December 2006
  24. ↑ Embéo e Majaró Lucas by George Borrow at Project Gutenberg.
  25. ↑ Embéo E Majaró Lucas - further details are given in the page on the website of the George Borrow Society.
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