Английская Википедия:Calceus
The calceus (Шаблон:Plural form: calcei) was the common upper-class male footwear of the Roman Republic and Empire. Normally made of leather and hobnailed, it was flat soled and typically reached the lower shin, entirely covering the foot and ankle. It was secured with crossed thongs or laces. Equivalent to a short boot or high-top shoe, it was lighter than the military caliga but sturdier than slip-on shoes like the soccus and able to easily handle outdoor use.
Name
The Latin word Шаблон:Lang derives from Шаблон:Lang ("heel") and the usually Grecian suffix Шаблон:Lang, meaning essentially "heely" or "thing for the heel". It is frequently taken loosely as the general Latin word for any laced and covered shoeШаблон:Sfnp distinguished from sandals, slippers, and boots. Theodor Mommsen even considered it to sometimes intend sandals as well.Шаблон:Sfnp Similarly, medieval Latin used the adjective Шаблон:Lang indicate both mendicant orders which only used sandals and those which went entirely barefoot.
Design
Normally made of leather and hobnailed, the calceus was flat soled and typically reached the lower shin, entirely covering the foot and ankle. It was secured with crossed thongs or laces. Equivalent to a short boot or high-top shoe, it was lighter than the military caliga but sturdier than slip-on shoes like the soccus and able to easily handle outdoor use.Шаблон:Sfnp
Calcei were considered a distinctive part of the national dress of male Roman citizens, alongside the toga. The combination of toga and calcei was impressive, but also hot and uncomfortable. The Roman poet Martial claimed that, in their leisure time and in the more relaxed surroundings of rural life, hardly anyone used it by the early imperial period.Шаблон:Sfnp Even in Rome, some high-ranking citizens preferred to wear light Grecian sandals or socci rather than calcei to "go with the crowd".Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Types
The calcei of most plebs was made of undyed but tanned leather. (The version made with untanned rawhide instead was known as the pero.) The "patrician calceus" Шаблон:Nowrap seems to have often been dyed red, Tyrian purple, or some equivalent.Шаблон:Sfnp Senators and higher ranking priests were likewise expected to wear the mulleus or "red calceus" Шаблон:Nowrap along with their red-edged toga praetexta while engaged in their public duties. Festus claimed the mulleus was originally used by the kings of Alba Longa before being adopted by the patricians.[1] Cassius Dio states that the patrician shoes were originally marked with the letter R,[2] although early forms of Latin used an R closer in shape to the later P. Francis X. Ryan has offered that this class distinction in footwearШаблон:Mdashrather than procedural statusШаблон:Mdashmay have been responsible for the name of the backbencher Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfnp Cato the Elder stated that, by the end of the Republic, plebs who had reached curule office were entitled to the formerly patrician footwear.[1] Plebeian generals like Marius who celebrated a triumph were likewise permitted to wear them.Шаблон:Sfnp Talbert states that by the imperial era there is no conclusive evidence that footwear continued to differ between the classes as a whole,Шаблон:Sfnp possibly because the emperors began to restrict the use of certain status symbols to themselves.Шаблон:Sfnp
Other calcei were distinguished by their ornamentation. The "equestrian calceus" Шаблон:Nowrap or Шаблон:Lang) included distinct crescent-shaped buckles.Шаблон:Fact The "senatorial calceus" Шаблон:Nowrap was likewise distinguished by a crescent-shaped ornament, an ivory lunula attached to the back of the shoe.Шаблон:Sfnp By the mid-imperial period, this was probably made of black leather.Шаблон:Sfnp
The "turned calceus" (New Latin Шаблон:Lang) was an unrelated pointy-toed unisex Etruscan form of footwear, which received its name from a passage in Cicero where he references Juno Sospita's Шаблон:Lang, "little calceus-like shoes".Шаблон:Sfnp
See also
Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Wikicommons
- Clothing in ancient Rome
- Soccus, Solea, & Caligae
- Discalced
References
Citations
Bibliography
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Шаблон:Footwear Шаблон:Historical clothing
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Festus, Шаблон:Lang, §128L.
- ↑ Cassius Dio, Шаблон:Lang, Book II, §10.
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